Krampo: Protected "Ubuntu:Feisty pt" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

Krampo — Thu, 08 Oct 2009 12:28:15 GMT

Protected "Ubuntu:Feisty pt" ([edit=sysop] (indefinite) [move=sysop] (indefinite))

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'''* Em traduÃ§Ã£o * Brevemente Guia Completo *'''

http://ubuntuguide.org/images/b/b2/Ubuntuguide_logo.png

= Guia nÃ£o oficial para iniciantes do Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) =

''' O Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn) foi lanÃ§ado a 19 de Abril de 2007. Este guia estÃ¡ em constante evoluÃ§Ã£o. A sua ajuda a melhorar e testar este guia Ã© essencial.'''

Este guia foi comeÃ§ado por [[User:Jiyuu0|Chua Wen Kiat]] (Kuala Lumpur, MalÃ¡sia). Neste momento estÃ¡ a ser mantido pela Universidade da LetÃ³nia e todos estÃ£o convidados a contribuir.

Este guia pode ser discutido no fÃ³rum oficial [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=78 UbuntuGuide.org Forum] em ubuntuforums.org. Entre na discussÃ£o.

Pode encontrar no [http://www.GuiaUbuntuPT.org GuiaUbuntuPT.org] um wiki com mais guias e informaÃ§Ãµes para o ajudar.

'''Para editar pÃ¡ginas precisa de se registar -- [[Special:Userlogin|register ]]'''

Se tiver alguma dÃºvida, envie um e-mail para ''ubuntuguide -at- ubuntuguide.org''

{{Contributors|contributors=Contribuidores: | and_other_friends_of_our_community=and other friends of our community. }}

* '''[[Ubuntu_Feisty | 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)]]'''
{{FeistyFawnLanguageBar|languages=Linguagens:|InProgress=In progress:}}

__TOC__

=== VersÃµes Anteriores ===

*[[Ubuntu_edgy | Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)]]
{{UbuntuLanguageBar|languages=Linguagens:|InProgress=In progress:}}

*[[Ubuntu_dapper | Ubuntu 6.06 (Dapper Drake)]]
{{UbuntuLanguageBar|languages=Linguagens:|InProgress=In progress:}}

* [[Ubuntu | 5.10 (Breezy Badger)]]
{{BreezyLanguageBar|languages=Linguagens:|InProgress=In progress:}}

* Ubuntu 5.04 em BÃºlgaro: http://www.ubuntuguide.hit.bg/

Se utiliza uma versÃ£o mais antiga do Ubuntu (Breezy, Dapper, Edgy), Ã© aconselhÃ¡vel a actualizaÃ§Ã£o para o Feisty.
Veja aqui como proceder: [[http://easylinux.info/wiki/Ubuntu:Edgy#How_to_upgrade_from_Hoary_Hedgehog_-.3E_Breezy_Badger_-.3E_Dapper_Drake| Como actualizar de Hoary Hedgehog -> Breezy Badger -> Dapper Drake]]

== Notas Gerais ==

#Este Ã© o guia nÃ£o-oficial do Ubuntu 7.04 (Edgy Eft) para iniciados. NÃ£o Ã© associado com Ubuntu nem com a Canonical Ltd..
#Este guia pode ser discutido no fÃ³rum oficial [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/forumdisplay.php?f=78 UbuntuGuide.org Forum] em ubuntuforums.org. Entre na discussÃ£o.
#Se vir uma caixa delimitada, significa que tem de executar o comando em questÃ£o no modo Consola (AplicaÃ§Ãµes - Ferramentas do sistema - Consola) ou usar o conteÃºdo da caixa consoante o pedido..
#Para evitar erros de escrita, copie e cole os comandos para o modo Consola (Clique botÃ£o direito nos comandos ->"Copiar" ou "Colar". TambÃ©m pode usar Ctrl+c para copiar e Shift+Insert para Colar)
#"sudo" significa "superuser do" ( SuperUtilizador faz ). "sudo" vai pedir "Password:". Por favor insira Password do utilizador
#Se quiser mais informaÃ§Ã£o sobre algum comando, simplesmente procure nas pÃ¡ginas do manual referente usando o comando âmanâ. Por exemplo, âman sudoâ vai mostrar a pÃ¡gina do manual referente ao comando âsudoâ.
# Se estÃ¡ cansado de escrever "apt-get" todas as vezes, Leia [[##Como apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)]]
#"apt-get" e "wget " requerem uma ligaÃ§Ã£o Ã Internet para instalar/actualizar/download dos programas.
#Todas as referÃªncias a "apt-get" foram substituidas por "aptitude". Pode continuar a usar "apt-get" se assim desejar. Este ponto pode ser discutido em [http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=350350 Ubuntu Forums]
#Para fazer download a um ficheiro, clique com o botÃ£o direito do rato -> Seleccione "Salvar link como..." -> Verifique que o nome e extensÃ£o do ficheiro estÃ£o correctos
#Se deseja ajudar a traduzir o Ubuntu para a sua lÃngua ou ajudar o Ubuntu de outra maneira, visite https://launchpad.net/
#Que o espÃrito "humanidade para com os outros" esteja sempre consigo....

:''Se estÃ¡ a usar a versÃ£o 64-bit substitua qualquer "i386" por "amd64"''

== Para ComeÃ§ar ==

;

==== Onde ver alguns Screenshots do Ubuntu: ====
*[http://www.debianadmin.com/ubuntu-704feisty-fawn-screenshots-tour.html Ubuntu 7.04(Feisty Fawn) Screenshots]
*[http://ubuntuclips.org/ Ubuntuclips.org - tutoriais em vÃdeo para seres humanos]
*[http://www.ubuntuvideo.com/ Ubuntu Video - vÃdeos sobre linux para seres humanos]

==== Onde ver screenshots / screencasts do Xubuntu ====
*[http://www.xubuntu.org/screenshots Official Xubuntu screenshots]

==== Onde procurar por novos programas ====
* http://gnomefiles.org/
* http://www.kde-apps.org/
* [http://freshmeat.net/browse/18/ http://freshmeat.net]
* http://sourceforge.net/

==== Onde procurar customizaÃ§Ãµes para o desktop ====

* http://art.gnome.org/
* http://www.gnome-look.org/
* http://www.kde-look.org/
* http://xfce-look.org/

==== Existem outros guias *buntu? ====
* http://xubuntuguide.org
* [http://www.ubuntugeek.com Ubuntu Step By Step Guides For Ubuntu Users]Website da comunindade de utilizadores de Ubuntu

==== Upgrade do Ubuntu Edgy para o Ubuntu Feisty ====

*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/upgrade-ubuntu-610-edgy-eft-to-ubuntu-704-feisty-fawn-2.html Guia passo a passo de upgrade, com screenshots ]

==== Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra ====

*Leia [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Pode adicionar repositÃ³rios extra utilizando a aplicaÃ§Ã£o Canais de Software, que pode ser encontrada no menu: '''Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Canais de Software'''. Active os repositÃ³rios que lhe vÃ£o fazer falta (main, universe, restricted, multiverse). Provavelmente nÃ£o precisarÃ¡ do repositÃ³rio "sources". '''Este Ã© o mÃ©todo recomendado para adicionar repositÃ³rios:'''

*Pode utilizar outro mÃ©todo para adicionar repositÃ³rios, fazendo os passos seguintes '''(faÃ§a isto por sua conta e risco)''':

*Criar um backup da lista de "sources" dos repositÃ³rios.
sudo cp -p /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list_backup

*Abrir a lista de "sources" num editor de texto
:Utilizadores Ubuntu (GNOME):
sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

:Utilizadores Kubuntu (KDE):
sudo kate /etc/apt/sources.list

:Outros utilizadores (se os acima nÃ£o funcionarem):
sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list

*Usar as linhas seguintes como um template para o guiar na ediÃ§Ã£o dos repositÃ³rios no ficheiro sources.list:
:Pode tentar susbtituir as linhas actuais do sources.list pelas linhas seguintes
:Para tirar partido de mirrors nacionais adicione "''pt.''" antes de ''archive.ubuntu.com'', onde pt = cÃ³digo de Portugal
:e.g. ''<nowiki>deb http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu edgy main restricted universe multiverse</nowiki>''
'''
Internacional'''
<pre>
## Ler http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes para ver como fazer upgrade
## para novas versÃµes da distribuiÃ§Ã£o.

## Adicinar sinal de comentÃ¡rio (##) no inÃcio de qualquer linha para nÃ£o ser verificada.
## Usar a seguinte sources.list por sua conta e risco.

## Uncomment deb-src if you wish to download the source packages

## If you have a install CD you can add it to the reposity using 'apt-cdrom add'
## which will add a line similar to the following:
#deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 7.04 _Feisty Fawn_ - Beta i386 (20070322.1)]/ feisty main restricted
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## universe WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu security
## team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty universe
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty multiverse
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from the 'backports'
## repository.
## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted
#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security universe
#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security multiverse
#deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security multiverse

## PLF REPOSITORY (Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
## Medibuntu - Ubuntu 7.04 "feisty fawn"
## Please report any bug on https://launchpad.net/products/medibuntu/+bugs
deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free non-free
#deb-src http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free non-free

## CANONICAL COMMERCIAL REPOSITORY (Hosted on Canonical servers, not Ubuntu
## servers. RealPlayer10, Opera, DesktopSecure and more to come.)
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu feisty-commercial main

</pre>

'''Nacional'''

<pre>
##Portuguese Sources.list

## MAIN
deb http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty main restricted universe multiverse

## MAJOR BUG FIX UPDATES produced after the final release
deb http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-updates main restricted universe multiverse

## UBUNTU SECURITY UPDATES
deb http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-security main restricted universe multiverse

## BACKPORTS REPOSITORY (Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
#deb http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

## Proposed Repository ( Repositorio com pacotes propostos para o Ubuntu pela comunidade )
## Descomentar se quiser usar
#deb http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://pt.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

## Internacional
## Medibuntu - Ubuntu 7.04 "feisty fawn"
## Please report any bug on https://launchpad.net/products/medibuntu/+bugs
deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free non-free
#deb-src http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free non-free

## Internacional
## CANONICAL COMMERCIAL REPOSITORY (Hosted on Canonical servers, not Ubuntu
## servers. RealPlayer10, Opera and more to come.)
deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu feisty-commercial main

</pre>

*Grave o ficheiro editado

* Adicione as chaves gpg necessÃ¡rias; use o seguinte comando para adicionar a chave gpg do RepositÃ³rio medibuntu:
wget -q http://packages.medibuntu.org/medibuntu-key.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -

* Actualizar lista de pacotes:
sudo aptitude update

* Pode tambÃ©m gerar o seu prÃ³prio sources.list e encontrar outros repositÃ³rios em: http://www.ubuntulinux.nl/source-o-matic

* ''Modifique o sources.list original somente se tiver a certeza daquilo que estÃ¡ a fazer. Misturar repositÃ³rios pode '''quebrar''' o seu sistema.''

== Updates Ubuntu==

==== BÃ¡sicos sobre o Apt, Software e Pacotes ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

Aqui pode encontar algumas noÃ§Ãµes bÃ¡sicas de como utilizar o sistema de gerenciamento de pacotes Apt.

*Instalar pacotes

sudo aptitude install <nome_pacote>

Exemplo:

sudo aptitude install mpd sbackup

*Remover pacotes

sudo aptitude remove <nome_pacote>

Exemplo:

sudo aptitude remove mpd sbackup

*Procurar por pacotes

sudo aptitude search <palavras_chave>

Exemplos:

sudo aptitude search Music MP3
sudo aptitude search "Text Editor"

*Actualizar a base de dados do Apt (utilizado depois de adicionar/remover repositÃ³rios Apt )

sudo aptitude update

*Actualizar pacotes

sudo aptitude upgrade

*Actualizar distribuiÃ§Ã£o completa

sudo aptitude dist-upgrade

*Instalar pacotes Ubuntu (Debian) (.deb)

sudo dpkg -i pacote.deb

*Remover um pacote Ubuntu (Debian)

sudo dpkg -r pacote

*Reconfigurar/Reparar pacote instalado

sudo dpkg-reconfigure pacote

Exemplo:

sudo dpkg-reconfigure mpd

*Usar Arquivos ".tar.gz" (Tar/GZip)

Para extrair:

tar xvzf package.tar.gz

Para criar:

tar cvfz package.tar.gz folder

*Usar Arquivos ".tar.bz" (Tar/BZip)

Para extrair:

tar xvjf package.tar.bz

Para criar:

tar cvjf package.tar.bz folder

*Extrair Arquivos ".bz"

bunzip2 file.bz

*Extrair Arquivos ".gz"

gunzip file.gz

*Compilar pacotes a partir do source

Confirme se tem instaladas todas as ferramentas de desenvolvimento necessÃ¡rias (i.e. bibliotecas, compiladores, headers)

sudo aptitude install build-essential
sudo aptitude install linux-headers-`uname -r`

Extrair o pacote (como indicado acima)

tar xvzf package.tar.gz

Iniciar a compilaÃ§Ã£o

cd /caminho/para/ficheiro/extraido
./configure
make
make install

Se a compilaÃ§Ã£o for bem sucedida, pode fazer um pacote Ubuntu (Debian) (.deb) para uso futuro:

Instalar ferramentas de pacotes:

sudo aptitude install checkinstall

Recompilar o pacote utilizando o parÃ¢metro "checkinstall":

cd /caminho/para/ficheiro/extraido
./configure
make
checkinstall

Guarde o ficheiro ".deb" para uso futuro. Pode ser instalado usando:

sudo dpkg -i package.deb

Nota: Estas sÃ£o instruÃ§Ãµes bÃ¡sicas e genÃ©ricas, e podem nÃ£o funcionar sempre. Alguns pacotes requerem dependÃªncias adicionais e outros parÃ¢metros para poderem ser compilados com sucesso.

==== Como actualizar manualmente o Ubuntu ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude upgrade
sudo aptitude dist-upgrade

'''OU'''

Use o Gestor de actualizaÃ§Ãµes: ''Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Gestor de actualizaÃ§Ãµes''

==MÃ©todos Automatizados==

===Automatix2===
*Obtenha o pacote(Tenha em conta que a versÃ£o do pacote pode mudar, veja a Ãºltima versÃ£o [http://getautomatix.com/wiki/index.php?title=Installation Aqui]):
*http://www.getautomatix.com/apt/dists/feisty/main/binary-i386/automatix2_1.1-3.6-7.04feisty_i386.deb
*Instale com este comando:

sudo dpkg -i automatix2_1.1-3.6-7.04feisty_i386.deb

*Automatix2 estÃ¡ disponÃvel em AplicaÃ§Ãµes > Ferramentas de Sistema > Automatix

*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/install-popular-applications-in-ubuntu-feisty-fawn-using-automatix2.html Guia de instalaÃ§Ã£o Automatix2 com Screenshots]

== AplicaÃ§Ãµes Extra ==

=== Java & Non-Media Browser Plug-ins ===
==== Como instalar o J2SE Runtime Environment com plugin para Firefox ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*Ler [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-install-java-runtime-environment-jre-in-ubuntu.html InstalaÃ§Ã£o do JRE no Ubuntu]

sudo aptitude install sun-java6-jre sun-java6-plugin

*Quando perguntar, aceitar com a licenÃ§a DLJ

==== Como instalar o Macromedia Flash Plugin para Firefox ====

Nota: A melhor forma de instalar o plugin do Macromedia flash para o Firefox Ã© visitar [http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/knowledgebase/index.cfm?id=tn_15507 Adobe.com: VersÃ£o de teste para Adobe Flash Player]. Depois irÃ¡ aparecer um aviso sobre um plugin em falta. Clique nesse aviso e siga os passos. O Firefox irÃ¡ instalar o plugin automaticamente quando carregar "Instalar agora".

TambÃ©m pode ser instalado usando o Gestor de Pacotes:

*Ler [[#Notas_Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo aptitude install flashplugin-nonfree

*Reiniciar Firefox

Nota: Se o som no Plugin nÃ£o estiver activo (Por exemplo no Youtube)
sudo aptitude install alsa-oss
gksudo gedit /etc/firefox/firefoxrc

Trocar a linha:

FIREFOX_DSP=""

Para:

FIREFOX_DSP="aoss"

*Reiniciar o Firefox. O som agora jÃ¡ deve Funcionar..

==== Como instalar P2P BitTorrent Client (Azureus) ====
*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*Ler [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/azureus-java-bittorrent-client-in-ubuntu.html setup do cliente de bittorrent azureus com screenshots]

sudo aptitude install azureus

*Iniciar o programa em: AplicaÃ§Ãµes -> Internet -> Azureus

==== Como instalar o cliente de bittorrent (Deluge) ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

*Forma recomendada:

Fazer o download dos ficheiros de instalaÃ§Ã£o [http://download.deluge-torrent.org/ubuntu/feisty/deluge-torrent_0.5.0-2zachtib1_i386.deb AQUI] se a sua mÃ¡quina for i386 ou [http://download.deluge-torrent.org/ubuntu/feisty/deluge-torrent_0.5.0-2zachtib1_amd64.deb AQUI] se for amd64 e faÃ§a duplo clique sobre eles, depois do download efectuado.

*OU

Fazer download das dependÃªncias, obter a Ãºltima source, compilar a source e instalar

sudo aptitude install subversion build-essential python-all-dev python-all \
python-support libboost-dev libboost-thread-dev libboost-date-time-dev \
libboost-filesystem-dev libboost-serialization-dev \
libboost-program-options-dev libboost-regex-dev zlib1g-dev && \
svn checkout <nowiki>http://deluge-torrent.org/svn/trunk</nowiki> deluge && \
cd deluge && python setup.py build && sudo python setup.py install

*Remover ficheiros de instalaÃ§Ã£o

cd .. && rm -Rf deluge/

*FaÃ§a download [http://www.deluge-torrent.org/wiki/Plugins de plugins para o Deluge] (Opcional)

*Iniciar o programa em: AplicaÃ§Ãµes -> Internet -> Deluge BitTorrent Client

==== Como instalar a ferramenta de pesquisa do CorÃ£o (zekr) ====
*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o J2SE Runtime Environment com plugin para Firefox]]

Zekr Ã© uma ferramenta open source que permite estudar o CorÃ£o. EstÃ¡ planeada para ser uma ferramenta open source, livre e universal, que proporcione uma base de estudo do CorÃ£o. A ideia Ã© criar uma plataforma o mais generalizada possÃvel, de modo a aceitar recursos de diferentes sÃtios.

Actualmente o Zekr tem os seguintes pacotes de lÃngua: InglÃªs, Persa, FrancÃªs, AlemÃ£o, Ãrabe, IndonÃ©sio, Russo, HolandÃªs, Curdo, Malaio, Turco e Urdu.
Adicionalmente, inclui traduÃ§Ãµes do CorÃ£o em InglÃªs, Persa e Russo.

*Verifique que o Sun JRE Ã© o ambiente JRE default (o zekr tambÃ©m funciona com a nova versÃ£o do gij).

*Nesta release, os problemas com os alfabetos Ãrabes resolve-se com a instalaÃ§Ã£o da fonte [http://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?site_id=nrsi&item_id=ArabicFonts Scheherazade] e utilizÃ¡-la como a fonte default do programa. Se estÃ¡ a fazer upgrade de uma versÃ£o anterior, Ã© sÃ³ fazer:
mv ~/.zekr ~/zekr-backup
sudo dpkg --purge zekr

*Fazer download e instalar zekr:
wget http://easynews.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/zekr/zekr_0.5.0-1_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i zekr_0.5.0-1_i386.deb

*Para mais informaÃ§Ãµes ver http://siahe.com/zekr/

== FALTA ADICIONAR MAIS APLICAÃÃES ==

(...)

== Outors ambientes de trabalho ==

==== Como instalar KDE ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*TambÃ©m pode ver alguns [http://www.kde.org/screenshots/ Screenshots do KDE]

sudo aptitude install kubuntu-desktop

:''Nota: Esta instalaÃ§Ã£o irÃ¡ precisar de ~400MB de espaÃ§o no disco''

*Sistema -> Sair -> Log Out
*Para fazer iniciar a sessÃ£o no KDE, clique em ''SessÃµes'' e escolha KDE

==== Como instalar XFCE ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*TambÃ©m pode ver alguns [http://www.xfce.org/index.php?page=screenshots&lang=en Screenshots do XFCE]

sudo aptitude install xubuntu-desktop

*Sistema -> Sair -> Log Out
*Para fazer iniciar a sessÃ£o no XFCE, clique em ''SessÃµes'' e escolha XFCE

==== Como instalar FluxBox ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*TambÃ©m pode ver alguns [http://fluxbox.org/screenshots.php Screenshots].

* Fluxbox Ã© um gestor de janelas (Window Manager) minimalista.
sudo aptitude install fluxbox

===== ComeÃ§ar o Fluxbox quando inicia a sessÃ£o pelo GDM =====
echo "exec startfluxbox" > ~/.xinitrc

===== Activar o som de login =====
sudo aptitude install sox
gedit ~/.fluxbox/startup

*Procure esta linha:
exec /usr/local/bin/fluxbox

*Adicione a linha seguinte, acima da linha acima mencionada
play /usr/share/sounds/login.wav > /dev/null 2>&1 &
*OuÃ§a o som ao iniciar a sessÃ£o.

== Como Montar PartiÃ§Ãµes do Windows ==

==== Como Montar PartiÃ§Ãµes NTFS ====

[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/widows-ntfs-partitions-readwrite-support-made-easy-in-ubuntu-feisty.html Guia passo a passo como montar partiÃ§Ãµes Windows no Feisty]

== Eye Candy ==

==== Como instalar Compiz (Nvidia) ====

*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/compiz-and-nvidia-on-ubuntu-feisty-fawn.html Como permitir Compiz no Feisty] Tutorial simples sobre como permitir compiz com drivers Nvidia

==== Como instalar o Beryl (Nvidia) ====
*Ler [[#Notas_Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*Ler [http://www.ubuntugeek.com/how-to-install-beryl-with-latest-nvidia-drivers-in-ubuntu-feisty-fawn.html Passos de InstalaÃ§Ã£o dos Drivers Beryl e Nvidia]

* Confirmar que todos os pacotes estÃ£o actualizados:
sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude dist-upgrade

*Fazer um Backup do xorg.conf:
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Instalar o Driver para a placa grafica Nvidia
**Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Gestor de Controladores restritos

Activar os Drivers Nvidia

Ctrl+Alt+Backspace ,para confirmar se os Drivers estÃ£o a funcionar correctamente.

*Instalar Beryl
sudo aptitude install beryl emerald-themes beryl-manager

*Iniciar Beryl
beryl-manager

*Iniciar Emerald (Se ele nÃ£o iniciar automaticamente)
emerald --replace

*Colocar o Beryl e Emerald no inicio da SessÃ£o
**Sistema -> PreferÃªncias -> SessÃµes
**AplicaÃ§Ãµes de Arranque -> Adicionar
beryl-manager
e
emerald --replace

**Se, ao reiniciar, os menus dos programas nÃ£o estiverem a ser mostrados de forma correcta (nÃ£o consegue vÃª-los quando os selecciona porque estÃ£o a ser mostrados atrÃ¡s da janela) entÃ£o clique com o botÃ£o direito do rato no Ãcone 'Beryl Manager' que estÃ¡ no painel (o Ãcone da jÃ³ia vermelha) e seleccione 'Reload Window Manager'. O problema deve ficar resolvido na prÃ³xima vez que reiniciar.

==== Como melhorar a apresentaÃ§Ã£o sub-pixel das fontes para Feisty ====

Isto irÃ¡ melhorar a aparÃªncia das fontes, comparativamente Ã instalaÃ§Ã£o base numa instalaÃ§Ã£o Ubuntu. As bibliotecas alteradas sÃ£o compiladas usando o Freetype 2.3.x (nÃ£o disponÃvel no Feisty) e incluiem os patches sub-pixel do David Turner

*Para i386 adicione os repositÃ³rios seguintes a /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://www.telemail.fi/mlind/ubuntu feisty fonts
deb-src http://www.telemail.fi/mlind/ubuntu feisty fonts

*Para AMD64/EMT adicione os repositÃ³rios seguintes a /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://raof.dyndns.org/falcon feisty experimental
deb-src http://raof.dyndns.org/falcon feisty experimental

*Os pacotes que irÃ£o ser actualizados sÃ£o libfreetype6, libcairo2 and libxft2

sudo aptitude update

*Depois da instalaÃ§Ã£o, poderÃ¡ querer reconfigurar as definiÃ§Ãµes das fontes. As seguintes definiÃ§Ãµes funcionam bem: Native, Automatic, No bitmapped fonts.

sudo dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig-config
sudo dpkg-reconfigure fontconfig

*Se tiver erros relativos Ã falta de uma gpg key

gpg --keyserver subkeys.pgp.net --recv-keys 937215FF
gpg --export --armor 937215FF | sudo apt-key add -

*GPG key nos repositÃ³rios para os AMD64/EMT packages

wget http://ubuntu.moshen.de/2F306651.gpg -O- | sudo apt-key add -

*Finalmente, pode reiniciar o computador or reiniciar o X (Ctrl-Alt-BackSpace) para ver se as alteraÃ§Ãµes tiveram efeito.

'''Nota:'''
Se decidir voltar aos packages de origem do Ubuntu, deve fazer downgrade a '''todos''' os tres packages instalados

source: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=343670

== AplicaÃ§Ãµes Comerciais ==

==== Como instalar Windows 9X/ME/2000/XP (Win4Lin) ====

*http://www.win4lin.com

==== Como instalar AplicaÃ§Ãµes Windows (VMWare Workstation) ====

*Com o VMware pode-se criar uma mÃ¡quina virtual, simulando um computador onde pode instalar o Windows e instalar as aplicaÃ§Ãµes.

http://www.vmware.com

*Converta vmwareworkstation_5.5.3-34868_i386.rpm para vmwareworkstation_5.5.3-34868_i386.deb usando o Allen e instale o .deb.

*Depois de instalar a aplicaÃ§Ã£o, vÃ¡ ao destino da instalaÃ§Ã£o e corra o ficheiro *.config para definir as opÃ§Ãµes.

*Corra-o

==== Como instalar AplicaÃ§Ãµes Windows (CrossOver Office) ====

*http://www.codeweavers.com

==== Como instalar Windows Games (Cedega) ====

*http://www.transgaming.com

==== Alternativa ====

* Uma alternativa gratuita e Software Livre Ã© o Wine

* http://www.winehq.org

* http://www.guiaubuntupt.org/wiki/index.php?title=Wine

== AdministraÃ§Ã£o de Utilizadores ==

==== Como definir/mudar/activar a password do utilizador root ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo passwd root

==== Como desactivar a conta de root ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo passwd -l root

==== Como autorizar o utilizador root a fazer login para o GNOME ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como definir/mudar/activar a password do utilizador root]]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Janela de Inicio de SessÃ£o
*Login Windows Preferences

Separador SeguranÃ§a -> SeguranÃ§a -> Permitir inicio de sessÃ£o local pelo administrador ('''Escolhido''')

==== Como mudar para o utilizador root em modo Consola ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo -s -H
Password: <especifique password do Utilizador>

==== Como adicionar/editar/apagar utilizadores do sistema ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Utilizadores e Grupos
*Utilizadores e Grupos

Adicionar Utilizador.../Propriedades/Apagar

:'''ou'''

sudo useradd joao
sudo userdel joao

*Para mais informaÃ§Ãµes ler

man usermod

==== Como adicionar/editar/apagar grupos de sistema ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Utilizadores e Grupos
Utilizadores e Grupos

Gerir Grupos -> Adicionar Grupo.../Propriedades/Apagar

==== Como iniciar a sessÃ£o automaticamente no GNOME (Inseguro) ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Janela de Inicio de SessÃ£o

Separador SeguranÃ§a -> Activar InÃcio de SessÃ£o AutomÃ¡tico ('''Escolhido''')
Agora escolha um utilizador da lista.

==== Como permitir mais sudoers ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

EDITOR=gedit sudo visudo

*Adicione a seguinte linha no final do ficheiro:

system_username ALL=(ALL) ALL

*Grave o ficheiro editado

'''OU''' desde que todos no grupo '''admin''' possam usar ''sudo'':
sudo adduser a_username admin

This appends the admin group to the user's supplementary group list. They will now have sudo access.

==== Como usar o "sudo" sem pedir a password (Inseguro) ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

EDITOR=gedit sudo visudo

*Encontre esta linha

...
system_username ALL=(ALL) ALL
...

*Substitua pela seguinte linha:

system_username ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

*Grave o ficheiro editado

==== Como terminar explicitamente uma sessÃ£o de âsudoâ ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo -K

==== Como alterar as permissÃµes de ficheiros/pastas ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

Right click on files/folders -> '''Propriedades'''

Separador PermissÃµes -> Leitura/Escrita/Executar (Confira as permissÃµes para Dono/Grupo/Outros)

==== Como alterar o dono de ficheiros/pastas ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo chown system_username /location_of_files_or_folders

Se quiser alterar recursivamente a posse do conteÃºdo de todos os ficheiros e pastas, use a opÃ§Ã£o -R igual a isto:

sudo chown -R system_username /location_of_files_or_folders

==== Como alterar o grupo dono de ficheiros/pastas ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo chgrp system_groupname /location_of_files_or_folders

Se quiser alterar recursivamente a posse de grupo do conteÃºdo de todos os ficheiros e pastas, use a opÃ§Ã£o -R igual a isto:

sudo chgrp -R system_username /location_of_files_or_folders

== Hardware ==
=== Ratos ===
==== Activar os botÃµes laterais do rato no FireFox ====
Basta adicionar duas linhas ao xorg.conf para activar os botÃ´es laterais do rato no fireFox. Deve funcionar com quase todos os ratos de 5 botÃ´es. Eis uma lista de ratos que funcionaram com este mÃ©todo.
* Logitech MX310
* Logitech MX510
* Logitech MX518
* Logitech MX700
* Intellimouse Explorer (first edition)
* Razer Copperhead

Backup do ficheiro de configuraÃ§Ã£o X.org
sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.bak

Modificar o ficheiro de configuraÃ§Ã£o X.org
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

Encontre a secÃ§Ã£o "Input Device" do rato e adicione as duas linhas como mostrado em baixo. Pode tambÃ©m aumentar o nÃºmero de botÃµes se o seu rato tem mais que 7, para isso basta configurar o resto da secÃ§Ã£o de acordo com o nÃºmero de botÃµes. (recorde que back/forward, wheel click & tilt left/right contam todos como botÃµes)

Mude de:

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Configured Mouse"
Driver "mouse"
Option "CorePointer"
...
Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
...
Option "Emulate3Buttons" "true"
EndSection

para:

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Configured Mouse"
Driver "mouse"
Option "CorePointer"
Option "Device" "/dev/input/mice"
Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
Option "Emulate3Buttons" "true"
Option "Buttons" "7"
Option "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 6 7"
EndSection

Se preferir que o scroll do FireFox seja feito pela roda de scroll ao invÃ©s dos botÃµes laterais faÃ§a "ZAxisMapping" "6 7" e "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 4 5".

Neste momento pode reiniciar o computador ou apenas o X (Ctrl-ALt-Backspace) para ver se os botÃµes forward/back ficaram a funcionar no FireFox. Os botÃµes nao vÃ£o funcionar no Nautilus enquanto nao instalar o imwheel dameon.

==== Instalar e Configurar o IMWheel ====
*Instalar o IMWheel
sudo apt-get install imwheel

*Modificar o ficheiro de configuraÃ§Ã£o do IMWheel
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/imwheel/imwheelrc

*Insira o seguinte no final do ficheiro ja existente
".*"
None, Up, Alt_L|Left
None, Down, Alt_L|Right

"(null)"
None, Up, Alt_L|Left
None, Down, Alt_L|Right

*Criar um start-up script para o IMWheel

sudo mkdir /home/login
gksudo gedit /home/login/mouse

*Inserir o seguinte no novo ficheiro

#!/bin/sh
exec xmodmap -e "pointer = 1 2 3 6 7 4 5" &
exec imwheel -k -b "67" &
exec $REALSTARTUP

*Permitir a execuÃ§Ã£o do ficheiro por todos os utilizadores
sudo chmod +x /home/login/mouse

*Configurar o script para que este seja executado no start-up
*# Select 'System' > 'Preferences' > 'Sessions'
*# Click the StartUp tab
*# Click Add, then input: /home/login/mouse
*# Click OK, then Close

*Reinicie o computador ou apenas o X (Ctrl-Alt-Sapce) e teste os botÃµes forward/back no Nautilus

(NÃ£o sei porquÃª mas o mÃ©todo acima funcionou na perfeiÃ§Ã£o com o Dapper mas nÃ£o no Feisty, para funcionar no feisty tive que adicionar um espaÃ§o entre o 6 e 7 na linha '''exec imwheel -k -b "67" &''' espero que ajude)

==== Como configurar o Mighty Mouse da Apple ====

Apple Mighty Mouse works out of the box, this how to should cover setting up of horizontal scrolling using ball and sidebuttons.

This is placeholder only. Please, provide '''working''' howto.

=== Graphics Card ===

==== Como instalar Drivers de Video (NVIDIA) ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx nvidia-kernel-common
sudo nvidia-xconfig

*Se o mÃ©todo acima nÃ£o activar o novo driver, pode fazÃª-lo manualmente abrindo o ficheiro de configuraÃ§Ã£o do X:

sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*e na secÃ§Ã£o "Device" trocar o "nv" para "nvidia"

*Ler [[#Como reiniciar o GNOME sem reiniciar o computador]]

*Active o XvMC criando o ficheiro de configuraÃ§Ã£o nVidia XvMC

sudo gedit /etc/X11/XvMCConfig

*Insira a seguinte linha no novo ficheiro, para dizer aos jogadores o nome da biblioteca partilhada nVidia XvMC:

libXvMCNVIDIA_dynamic.so.1

*Para acelerar a reproduÃ§Ã£o de vÃdeo atravÃ©s do XvMC use as seguintes linhas. Ver [[http://www.penlug.org/twiki/bin/view/Main/LinuxHardwareInfoNvidia5200]] para mais detalhes.

xine -V xxmc filename.ts
mplayer -vo xvmc -vc ffmpeg12mc filename.ts

==== Como instalar Drivers de VÃdeo Beta (NVIDIA) ====

*AVISO este mÃ©todo Ã© muito dado a erros.. o melhor mÃ©todo Ã© usar o programa do Alberto Milone, Envy; http://albertomilone.com/nvidia_scripts1.html

*Obrigado Alberto Milone

*Os drivers nVidia foram separados em dois ramos; latest e new legacy (novos e ultimos). Ver http://us.download.nvidia.com/XFree86/Linux-x86/1.0-9755/README/appendix-a.html para descobrir que driver deve usar. Latest=97xx / New legacy=96xx

*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

*Adicione UMA das seguintes linhas de acordo com a sua arquitectura

deb http://www.albertomilone.com/drivers/edgy/latest/32bit binary/
deb http://www.albertomilone.com/drivers/edgy/latest/64bit binary/

deb http://www.albertomilone.com/drivers/edgy/newlegacy/32bit binary/
deb http://www.albertomilone.com/drivers/edgy/newlegacy/64bit binary/

*Guarde o ficheiro editado

*Adicione a chave GPG

wget http://albertomilone.com/drivers/tseliot.asc
gpg --import tseliot.asc
gpg --export --armor albertomilone@alice.it | sudo apt-key add -

*Actualize e Instale

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nvidia-glx
sudo apt-get upgrade

*O upgrade deve actualizar os seus pacotes linux-restricted-modules e linux-restricted-modules-common.

sudo nvidia-xconfig

*Adicione um menu de opÃ§Ãµes para as definiÃ§Ãµes nVidia

sudo gedit /usr/share/applications/NVIDIA-Settings.desktop

*Insira as seguintes linhas no novo ficheiro e guarde

[Desktop Entry]
Name=NVIDIA Settings
Comment=NVIDIA Settings
Exec=nvidia-settings
Icon=
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

*Reinicie o computador e os novos drivers devem estar instalados.

*Teste a instalaÃ§Ã£o com estes 2 programas:

glxinfo
glxgears

==== How to setup pivot (screen rotation) with default X.org NVIDIA drivers ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

*Some LCD monitors are equipped with the pivot feature, to take advantage of it the display has to be rotated 90 degrees. The default nVidia drivers shipped with X.org ("nv") support software screen rotation. Note that it's unaccelerated and can be slow, read [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]] if you decide to install the proprietary driver.

*If you have the proprietary drivers from nVidia installed, please read [[#How to setup pivot (screen rotation) with proprietary NVIDIA drivers]] instead.

*To rotate the screen find the "Device" section for the "nv" driver in the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file:

Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV34 [GeForce FX 5200]"
Driver "nv"

*Add the following options to this section:

Option "Rotate" "CW"

Where the "Rotate" option has two possible values (depending on the orientation of the monitor):
#CW - rotate the display clockwise (right).
#CCW - rotate the display counterclockwise (right).

*Ler [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]].

==== How to setup pivot (screen rotation) with proprietary NVIDIA drivers ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]

*Some LCD monitors are equipped with the pivot feature, to take advantage of it the display has to be rotated 90 degrees. The proprietary nVidia drivers support hardware rotation with the Xrandr extension.

*To enable rotation support find the "Device" section for the "nvidia" driver in the /etc/X11/xorg.conf file:

Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV34 [GeForce FX 5200]"
Driver "nvidia"

*Add the following option to this section:

Option "RandRRotation" "on"

*Ler [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]].

*Then the display can be rotated (direction depends on the orientation of the monitor) by:
#Setting the "Rotation" property to either "Left" or "Right" in the "System > Preferences > Screen Resolution" dialog.
#Issuing either "xrandr -o left" or "xrandr -o right" command.

==== Como desligar o logo da NVIDIA ao ligar o GNOME ====

*Ler [[#General Notes]]
*Ler [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Procurar

...
Section "Device"
Identifier "NVIDIA Corporation NV11 [GeForce2 MX/MX 400]"
Driver "nvidia"
BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
...

*Adicionar a seguinte linha em baixo

Option "NoLogo"

*Gravar o ficheiro editado
*Ler [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

==== Como instalar Drivers de VÃdeo (ATI) ====

*Ver [http://wiki.cchtml.com/index.php/Ubuntu_Installation_Guide Unofficial ATI Linux driver wiki]
*Ou [http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=423584 Ubuntuforums.org]
*Ou [http://www.penlug.org/twiki/bin/view/Main/LinuxHardwareInfoATIRadeonX800 PenLUG.org]

==== Como Corrigir a ResoluÃ§Ã£o do Ecran (Intel) ====
*Ler [[#How to enable Large Widescreen Support]] se possui um monitor de grandes dimensÃµes (>20")

*Os chipsets grÃ¡ficos Intel 915g, 945g, etc. sÃ³ tÃªm um nÃºmero muito limitado de resoluÃ§Ãµes instalado por defeito, mesmo que o driver correcto esteja em funÃ§Ãµes.
*Instalar a ferramenta para a alteraÃ§Ã£o da resoluÃ§Ã£o:

sudo apt-get install 915resolution

*Correr a seguinte linha num terminal para ver os modos disponiveis:

915resolution -l

*Escolha uma resoluÃ§Ã£o que nÃ£o necessite e substitua, o exemplo seguinte muda de 1920x1440 para 1920x1200

915resolution 5c 1920 1200

*Isto deve adicionar a opÃ§Ã£o para esta resoluÃ§Ã£o Ã¡ ferramenta "Sistema>PreferÃªncias>ResoluÃ§Ã£o do Ecran".
*Se funcionar correctamente pode fazer a mudanÃ§a permanentemente:

sudo gedit /etc/rc.local

*Simplesmente adicione o comando que acabou de escrever antes de:

exit 0

==== Como mostrar a temperatura de um GPU nvidia (nvidia-settings) ====
*Ler [[#Como instalar Drivers de Video (NVIDIA)]]

Num terminal, escreva
nvidia-settings

==== Detectar a temperatura do CPU, velocidade das ventoinhas e voltagens (lm-sensors) ====
*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo apt-get install lm-sensors

criar um ficheiro chamado mkdev.sh, com o seguinte conteÃºdo:
#!/bin/bash

# Here you can set several defaults.

# The number of devices to create (max: 256)
NUMBER=32

# The owner and group of the devices
OUSER=root
OGROUP=root
# The mode of the devices
MODE=600

# This script doesn't need to be run if devfs is used
if [ -r /proc/mounts ] ; then
if grep -q "/dev devfs" /proc/mounts ; then
echo "You do not need to run this script as your system uses devfs."
exit;
fi
fi

i=0;

while [ $i -lt $NUMBER ] ; do
echo /dev/i2c-$i
mknod -m $MODE /dev/i2c-$i c 89 $i || exit
chown "$OUSER:$OGROUP" /dev/i2c-$i || exit
i=$[$i + 1]
done
#end of file

Criar um executÃ¡vel apartir do ficheiro anterior e por a correr:
sudo chmod +x mkdev.sh
sudo ./mkdev.sh

Para detectar os sensores. Responda a todas as perguntas
sudo sensors-detect

para carregar os modulos manuais:
sudo /etc/init.d/module-init-tools
faÃ§a load dos modulos para o kernel:
sudo sensors -s

E veja o output
sudo sensors

==== Como controlar a velocidade das ventoinhas (fan's) (lm-sensors) ====
Instalar e configurar primeiro lm-sensors, ver na secÃ§Ã£o anterior.
Depois executar pwmconfig para testar as ventoinhas (fans).

pwmconfig

Criar o seguinte ficheiro: /etc/init.d/fancontrol, com o seguinte conteÃºdo:
#!/bin/sh
#
# Fancontrol start script.
#

set -e

# Defaults
DAEMON=/usr/sbin/fancontrol
PIDFILE=/var/run/fancontrol-pid
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin

test -f $DAEMON || exit 0

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "$1" in
start)
log_begin_msg "Starting fancontrol daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --start -o -q -m -b -p $PIDFILE -x $DAEMON
log_end_msg $?
;;
stop)
log_begin_msg "Stopping fancontrol daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --stop -o -q -p $PIDFILE
log_end_msg $?
;;
force-reload|restart)
sh $0 stop
sh $0 start
;;
*)
log_success_msg "Usage: /etc/init.d/fancontrol {start|stop|restart|force-reload}"
log_success_msg " start - starts system-wide fancontrol service"
log_success_msg " stop - stops system-wide fancontrol service"
log_success_msg " restart, force-reload - starts a new system-wide fancontrol service"
exit 1
;;
esac

exit 0

Na consola:

Agora torne-o num executÃ¡vel:
sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/fancontrol

SÃ³ para testar escreva
/etc/init.d/fancontrol start
e
/etc/init.d/fancontrol stop

Se tudo funcionar bem, entÃ£o faÃ§a-o iniciar-se automaticamente no inicio de sessÃ£o. Em /etc/rc.local, antes do "exit 0" escreva a seguinte linha:
/etc/init.d/fancontrol start

==== Como controlar as temperaturas do CPU e da GPU, velocidades das ventoinhas e voltagens (GKrellM) ====
*Ler [[#General Notes]]
*Ler [[#How to add extra repositories]]

*Instalar o lm-sensors para controlar as temperaturas do CPU e da GPU, velocidades das ventoinhas e voltagens no GKrellM. [[#How to detect CPU temperature, fan speeds and voltages (lm-sensors)]]

*Instalar os drivers de vÃdeo da nvidia para controlar as temperaturas do GPU. [[#How to install Graphics Driver (NVIDIA)]]

*Instalar o hddtemp para controlar as temperaturas do disco rÃgido
sudo apt-get install hddtemp

GKrellM Ã© um controlador de hardware que pode mostrar as temperaturas do CPU e da GPU, a velocidade das ventoinhas, voltagens, o load do CPU, o load da network, a actividade dos discos e a sua temperatura e o uso da memoria do swap. A instalaÃ§Ã£o Ã© muito facil e a configuraÃ§Ã£o necessita apenas de alguns clicks. Pode definir alarmes para avisar o sobre-aquecimento do CPU, ou se hÃ¡ uma falha nalguma ventoinha. O hddtemp funciona com o GKrellM para permitir que este consiga saber as temperaturas do disco para os manter sempre frescos (p.e a menos de 40ÂºC) para que tenham um tempo de vida maior do que se correm constantemente a uma temperatura elevada (p.e., acima de 50ÂºC).

sudo apt-get install gkrellm

Para correr o programa

Click Applications -> System Tools -> GKrellM

Para o configurar,

Right click on GKrellM -> Configuration

Eu estive a tentar funcionar com o lm_sensors, mas ele nÃ£o me detectava todos os sensores do computador. Mais tarde, econtrei o "GKrellM". Funciona prefeitamente com a minha nVidia 6600 GT. O GKrellM tambÃ©m possui plugins para mostrar informaÃ§Ãµes metereologicas, definir lembretes, etc.

'''Adicionar um alerta sonoro (Opcional):'''
Aqui esta uma maneira para conseguir por alertas sonoros quando o CPU esta muito quente ou quando uma venotinha falha. Primeiro, pÃ© preciso gravar a mensagem audio (Eu usei o Audacity). Depois Ã© ir a:

Configuration -> Builtins folder (Left side)-> Sensors -> Temperatures folder (Right side)-> CPU -> Alerts Button

Cole UMA das seguintes linhas numa janela do Terminal para testar o som. Se tiver duas placas de som, pode usar a opÃ§Ã£o "-ao oss:/dev/dsp1" para fazer com que o som seja desviado para a 2Âª placa. Modifique o caminho do ficheiro e o nome para que aponte correctamente para o ficheiro. Se conseguir ouvir o som, entÃ£o copie a linha de comando para a caixa de texto na janela dos Alertas do GKrellM.

mplayer /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3
mplayer -ao oss:/dev/dsp1 /home/myfolder/alert_messages/heat_alert.mp3

=== CPU ===
==== Como Activar as funÃ§Ãµes de poupanÃ§a de energia/reduÃ§Ã£o de frequÃªncia do seu CPU ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*1Âº Passo: Activar o suporte da BIOS
Entre na BIOS da sua motherboard durante o boot e certifique-se de que tanto o ACPI como o Cool'n'Quiet (AMD) ou o SpeedStep (Intel) estÃ£o activos. Algumas BIOS nÃ£o a opÃ§Ã£o. Se for esse o caso provavelmente estÃ¡ activo por defeito. Outras BIOS podem ter a opÃ§Ã£o mas estÃ¡ com outro nome. Leia o manual de instruÃ§Ãµes neste caso.

*2Âº Passo: Remover o software de reduÃ§Ã£o de frequÃªncia Userspace
powernowd
sudo apt-get remove powernowd
cpudyn
sudo apt-get remove cpudyn

*3Âº Passo: Instalar o modulo do CPU
Identifique o seu CPU correndo o seguinte comando
cat /proc/cpuinfo

Pode tambÃ©m procurar num dos seguintes links
Lista de CPUs AMD - [[http://www.tomshardware.com/2005/11/21/the_mother_of_all_cpu_charts_2005/page20.html]]
Lista de CPUs Intel - [[http://www.tomshardware.com/2005/11/21/the_mother_of_all_cpu_charts_2005/page21.html]]

''AMD Sempron/Athlon/MP ( K7 )''

Socket Types: A, Slot A
sudo modprobe powernow-k7
''AMD Duron/Sempron/Athlon/Opteron 64 ( K8 )''

Socket Types: 754, 939, 940, S1 ( 638 ), AM2 ( 940 ), F ( 1207 )
sudo modprobe powernow-k8
''Intel Core Duo''
sudo modprobe speedstep-centrino
''Intel Pentium M''
sudo modprobe speedstep-centrino
''Intel Pentium 4''
sudo modprobe p4_clockmod
''Others (Unknown)''

NÃ£o estou 100% certo acerca de que CPUs suportam este modo. Se o seu CPU nÃ£o funcionar com nenhum dos mÃ©todos acima tente este.
sudo modprobe acpi-cpufreq

*4Âº Passo: Modos de ReduÃ§Ã£o de frequÃªncia
sudo modprobe cpufreq_conservative
sudo modprobe cpufreq_ondemand
sudo modprobe cpufreq_powersave
sudo modprobe cpufreq_stats
sudo modprobe cpufreq_userspace

*5Âº Passo: Teste/ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o
Mostrar mÃ©todos disponiveis
cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_available_governors
Deve obter um resutado como este
powersave conservative ondemand performance

*6Âº Passo: Correr o modulo no start-up
Add the following lines to the end of /etc/modules
cpufreq_conservative
cpufreq_ondemand
cpufreq_powersave
cpufreq_stats
cpufreq_userspace
'''''Adicione tambÃ©m o modulo que escolheu no 3Âº passo'''''

*7Âº Passo: Instalar o cpufrequtils
This is a simple, effective tool for using the modules from the command line.
sudo apt-get install cpufrequtils
Test that it's working.
cpufreq-info

*8Âº Passo: Escolha um mÃ©todos
The different governors control how the CPU speed is scaled. Your choices are:

''ondemand''

A frequÃªncia do CPU Ã© alterada consoante a utilizaÃ§Ã£o do mesmo.

''conservative''

O mÃ©todo "consrvative", muito como o "ondemand", aplica a a frequencia de que necessita num determinado momento. Difere no comportanmento jÃ¡ que este aumenta e reduz a velocidade do CPU em vez de alternar entre velocidade mÃ¡xima e mÃnima. Este comportamento encaixa melhor num ambiente de poupanÃ§a de energia.

''performance''

O CPU corre na sua mÃ¡xima velocidade independentemente da utilizaÃ§Ã£o.

''powersave''

O CPU corre Ã¡ mÃnima frequÃªncia independentemente da utilizaÃ§Ã£o.

Ver [[http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt]] para mais detalhes.

Eu uso "ondemand" geralmente, nunca falta velocidade e poupa-se muita energia (e produz muito menos calor quando em Idle).

Experimente:
cpufreq-set -g ondemand

Em sistemas com mais que um CPU tem que repetir o ultimo comando para todos os CPUs que tiver com o parametro -c (CPU). para activar o comando no segundo CPU escreva:
cpufreq-set -c 1 -g ondemand
Para ver quantos CPUs possui escreva:
ls /sys/devices/system/cpu/

*9Âº Passo: Configure o cpufrequtils para automaticamente utilizar o mÃ©todo que escolheu no start-up
Edite o ficheiro /etc/default/cpufrequtils. Mude a linha:
ENABLE="false"
para
ENABLE="true"

Mude o valor do GOVERNOR para o nome do mÃ©todo que escolheu no 8Âº passo.

Fontes:
[[http://www.ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?s=a98372407aafdee660ab498a531c55e9&t=248867]]
[[http://www.ovro.caltech.edu/~abeard/FC3_ON_8600/governors.html]]

=== Modems / Rede ===
==== Como identificar o chipset do Modem ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Para instalar o identificador do Chipset do Modem
*Ler [[#How to install Basic Compilers (build-essential)]]

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/scanModem.gz
gunzip -c scanModem.gz > scanModem
chmod +x scanModem
sudo cp scanModem /usr/bin/

*Para identificar o Chipset do Modem

sudo scanModem
gedit Modem/ModemData.txt

==== Como instalar Drivers Wireless Windows (Ndiswrapper) ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Para instalar o ndiswrapper vai precisar de uma cÃ³pia das drivers do windows para o dispositivo ethernet Wireless.
*Isto sÃ³ tem significado em ser instalado se a placa nÃ£o for suportada pelo Ubuntu, consulte a lista de [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/WifiDocs/WirelessCardsSupported placas wireless suportadas para Ubuntu].
*Consulte a lista ndiswrapper de placas wireless suportadas se a sua placa nÃ£o for suportada, visite [http://ndiswrapper.sourceforge.net/mediawiki/index.php/List lista oficial Ndiswrapper de placas suportadas]

*Verifique se tem o mÃ³dulo acx carregado. Porque o mÃ³dulo acx interfere com a driver do windows, Ã© necessÃ¡rio remover caso seja encontrada.
lsmod | grep acx

*Remover o mÃ³dulo acx se for encontrado. Poderia tambÃ©m ser acx_pci ou similar. Nota: Novo update ao kernel irÃ¡ auto carregar novamente o mÃ³dulo acx. Por isso repita os seguintes dois comandos todas as vezes que o kernel for actualizado.
sudo rmmod acx
sudo nano /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist
*Adicionar uma nova lista no fim do ficheiro tal como estÃ¡:
# drivers wireless ACX
blacklist acx

*Instalar o ndiswrapper e as drivers (devido a um erro no Edgy, vai ser necessÃ¡rio especificar ndiswrapper-utils-1.8)
sudo apt-get install ndiswrapper-utils-1.8
sudo ndiswrapper -i /location_of_your_wireless_driver/your_driver.inf
sudo ndiswrapper -l
sudo modprobe ndiswrapper

*Introduzir ndiswrapper para carregar no arranque

sudo ndiswrapper -m
gksudo gedit /etc/modules

*Adicione o seguinte mÃ³dulo Ã lista

ndiswrapper

*Agora pode configurar a placa wireless atravÃ©s do ifconfig e iwconfig.

:''Ex: Supondo que wlan0 Ã© o dispositivo wireless.

sudo iwconfig wlan0 essid "AP" key ababababababababab mode Managed
iwconfig

*Agora Ã© capaz de ver o endereÃ§o MAC do access point e o sinal de acesso.

==== Ndiswrapper for Broadcom 43xx wireless chipset ====
*The Broadcom 43xx (bcm43xx) wireless chipset is one of the most common chipsets, so special scripts have been written for it.
*'''Only follow this if you have a bcm43xx device'''. To check in the Terminal type:
lspci | grep Broadcom\ Corporation
If it displays a line similar to this,
0000:02:02.0 Network controller: Broadcom Corporation BCM4306 802.11b/g Wireless LAN Controller (rev 03)
you have a Broadcom wireless chipset. Please proceed with the instructions.

*Put the Ubuntu CD that you installed Ubuntu with in the CD drive.
*[http://student.khleuven.be/~501115/bcm4318.Feisty.tar.gz Download this] to the desktop (the Firefox default, so if you haven't changed it, that's where it went/will go).
*In a terminal type
cd ~/Desktop (or wherever you downloaded the file)
tar -xf bcm4318*.tar.gz
sudo ./ndiswrapper_setup_Feisty

Your wireless chipset should now work. Try rebooting if you have problems.
Please see this thread if you have problems: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=197102&highlight=install+ndiswrapper

==== How to enable WPA with Ndiswrapper driver ====
*First, make sure the Ndiswrapper driver works by itself without encryption.

*Create a file called /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf, and paste in the following. Modify the ssid and psk values.
ctrl_interface=/var/run/wpa_supplicant
network={
ssid="YourWiFiSSID"
psk="YourWiFiPassword"
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
proto=WPA
pairwise=TKIP
}

*Test it. Make sure your router is broadcasting its SSID.
sudo wpa_supplicant -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf -dd

*If your WPA works. Load it automatically when you reboot.
gksudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces

*Change your wlan0 section to the following.

If you are using static IP:
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet static
address 192.168.1.20
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1
pre-up wpa_supplicant -Bw -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
post-down killall -q wpa_supplicant

or this, if you are using dhcp.
auto wlan0
iface wlan0 inet dhcp
pre-up wpa_supplicant -Bw -Dwext -iwlan0 -c/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
post-down killall -q wpa_supplicant

*Reboot

==== Como instalar Driver Modem (SmartLink) ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

uname -r (must be 2.6.10-5-386)
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/sl-modem-modules-2.6.10-5-386_2.9.9a-1ubuntu2+2.6.10-34_i386.deb
sudo dpkg -i sl-modem-modules-*.deb
sudo apt-get install sl-modem-daemon

=== Palm ===

==== Como configurar aparelhos PalmOS ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

gksudo gedit /etc/udev/rules.d/10-custom.rules

*Insira a seguinte linha no novo ficheiro

BUS="usb", SYSFS{product}="Palm Handheld*", KERNEL="ttyUSB*", NAME{ignore_remove}="pilot", MODE="666"

*Grave o ficheiro editado
*Add the pilot-applet to the Taskbar by Right-Clicking on an empty spot
*Siga as intruÃ§Ãµes que aparecem no ecrÃ£

=== Hard Drive ===

==== Como listar a tabela de PartiÃ§Ãµes ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo fdisk -l

*TambÃ©m pode usar Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Discos

==== Como mostrar a utilizaÃ§Ã£o do espaÃ§o de disco do sistema ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

df -Th

*TambÃ©m pode usar Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Discos

==== Como listar os dispositivos/discos montados ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

mount

==== Como re-montar o /etc/fstab sem reiniciar ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo mount -a

=== USB ===
==== Como listar dispositivos USB ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

lsusb

==== Workaround for random device disconnections ====

Random disconnection is a kernel bug that is not fixed yet. Some users report randomly disconnecting USB devices, especially external hard drives. One solution is to start the system with the option "irqpoll" in grub, but this doesn't work for everybody, and is believed to make the whole system slower. The other solution is to disable USB 2.0. This will result in way slower read/write, but the connection remains stable.

To disable USB 2.0, type this in the terminal:

sudo modprobe -r ehci_hcd

Test if the copy/write process is stable, and if you want to disable USB 2.0 upon boot, type:

sudo sh -c 'echo blacklist ehci_hcd > /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-ehci'
sudo update-initramfs -u -k `uname -r`

=== Optical Drives ===
==== Como acelerar o CD/DVD-ROM ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.g. Assumindo que /dev/cdrom Ã© a localizaÃ§Ã£o do CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo hdparm -d1 /dev/cdrom
sudo cp /etc/hdparm.conf /etc/hdparm.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/hdparm.conf

*Adicione as linhas seguintes ao final do ficheiro

/dev/cdrom {
dma = on
}

*Grave o ficheiro editado

==== Como montar/desmontar CD/DVD-ROM manualmente, e mostrar todas os ficheiros/pastas escondidos ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.g. Assumindo que /media/cdrom0/ Ã© a localizaÃ§Ã£o do CD/DVD-ROM''

*Para montar CD/DVD-ROM

sudo mount /media/cdrom0/ -o unhide

*Para desmontar CD/DVD-ROM

sudo umount /media/cdrom0/

==== Como forÃ§ar o desmontar do CD/DVD-ROM manualmente ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.g. Assumindo que /media/cdrom0/ Ã© a localizaÃ§Ã£o do CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo umount /media/cdrom0/ -l

=== Monitores / Displays ===
==== Como activar Suporte Large Widescreen ====

*Monitores widescreen 24/23" por vezes tem problemas a funcionar em 1920x1200.
*Exemplos incluÃndo: Dell 2405, HP 2335 ou Apple Cinema Display.

sudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Adicione a seguinte linha para a secÃ§Ã£o "Monitor" apropriado

Modeline "1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235

*Por exemplo o HP2335 deve agora ficar parecido:

Section "Monitor"
Identifier "hp L2335"
Option "DPMS"
Modeline "1920x1200" 154 1920 1968 2000 2080 1200 1203 1209 1235
EndSection

==== Como ligar o sinal CRT (monitor externo/projector) para portÃ¡teis (Intel) ====
'''Nota:''' VÃ¡lido apenas para placas grÃ¡ficas baseadas em chipsets IntelÂ®

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo apt-get install i810switch

Ligar o sinal CRT

i810switch crt on

Desligar o sinal CRT

i810switch crt off

=== Som ===
==== Como configurar colunas em surround (5.1 e outros) com o ALSA ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

*Edite o ficheiro ~/.asoundrc, crie-o se nÃ£o existir:

gedit ~/.asoundrc

*Adicione a seguinte secÃ§Ã£o:

pcm.!default {
type plug
slave.pcm "surround51"
slave.channels 6
route_policy duplicate
}

*Isto permitirÃ¡ reproduzir som surround e duplicar o stereo por todos os 6 canais (nÃ£o apenas os frontais).

==== Como modificar a placa de som por defeito ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

*Ver placas de som disponiveis

sudo asoundconf list

*Deve obter algo como isto

Names of available sound cards:
Live
V8237

*Troque a placa de som, com "exemplo" sendo o nome da placa de som que escolheu

sudo asoundconf set-default-card exemplo

=== Misc ===
==== Como listar os perifÃ©ricos PCI ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

lspci

==== How to install a Wacom tablet ====

'''For a detailed guide with screenshots about how to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications, please follow the official Dapper guide at https://wiki.ubuntu.com//Wacom '''

''With the version of the Linux Wacom driver (0.7.2) in Ubuntu 6.06 Dapper Drake, if you unplug you tablet, it won't function when you plug it back in and you will have to restart X. For this reason, it is best to leave the tablet plugged in. This limitation will be removed when the 0.7.4 version of the driver is included in Ubuntu.''

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

* 1. Using Synaptic package manager, check if the packages xserver-xorg-input-wacom and wacom-tools are already installed - if not, install them. If you prefer using the command line, you can also execute :

sudo apt-get install xserver-xorg-input-wacom wacom-tools

* 2. Save a copy of your /etc/X11/xorg.conf :

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf.backup

* then edit it with the command line :

gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

* and change all /dev/wacom occurences into /dev/input/wacom (created by wacom-tools udev scripts), then save the file.

*You should be ready to go after you have restarted X. Remember to configure the "Extended input devices" in your graphic applications (Gimp, Inkscape), however you can already check if it's working by moving your stylus on the tablet : the mouse cursor should go through the whole screen.

== CD/DVD Burning ==

==== Como apagar um CD-RW/DVD-RW ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.x. Assumindo que /dev/cdrom Ã© a localizaÃ§Ã£o do CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo umount /dev/cdrom
cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom blank=fast

==== Como gravar ficheiros/pastas num CD/DVD ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

Locais -> Criador de CD/DVD

*Arraste ficheiros/pastas para a janela

Ficheiro -> Gravar no disco... -> Gravar

==== Como gravar ficheiros Imagem (ISO) num CD/DVD ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

Clique direito no ficheiro Imagem (ISO) -> Gravar no disco... -> Gravar

==== Como copiar um CD/DVD? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como criar ficheiros Imagem (ISO) apartir dum CD/DVD]]
*Ler [[#Como gravar ficheiros Imagem (ISO) num CD/DVD]]

==== Como criar ficheiros Imagem (ISO) apartir dum CD/DVD ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.x. Assumindo que /dev/cdrom Ã© a localizaÃ§Ã£o do CD/DVD-ROM''

sudo umount /dev/cdrom
dd if=/dev/cdrom of=file.iso bs=1024

==== Como criar ficheiros Imagem (ISO) apartir de pastas ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

mkisofs -r -o ficheiro.iso /localizaÃ§Ã£o_da_pasta/

==== Como criar ficheiros de verificaÃ§Ã£o de integridade MD5? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

md5sum ficheiro.iso > ficheiro.iso.md5

==== Como verificar a integridade MD5 de ficheiros? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.x. Assumindo que o ficheiro.iso e o ficheiro.iso.md5 estÃ£o na mesma pasta''

md5sum -c ficheiro.iso.md5

==== Como montar/desmontar ficheiros de imagem (ISO) sem gravÃ¡-los? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Para montar um ficheiro de imagem (ISO)

sudo mkdir /media/iso
sudo modprobe loop
sudo mount ficheiro.iso /media/iso/ -t iso9660 -o loop

*Para desmontar um ficheiro de imagem (ISO)

sudo umount /media/iso/

==== Como definir/alterar a velocidade de gravaÃ§Ã£o de um gravador de CD/DVD? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*AplicaÃ§Ãµes > Ferramentas de Sistema -> Editor de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o
*Editor de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> default_speed (set/change the burn speed)

==== Como activar o burnproof para o gravador de CD/DVD? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*AplicaÃ§Ãµes > Ferramentas de Sistema -> Editor de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o
*Editor de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> burnproof ('''Checked''')

==== Como activar o overburn para gravador de CD/DVD? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*AplicaÃ§Ãµes > Ferramentas de Sistema -> Editor de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o
*Editor de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o

/ -> apps -> nautilus-cd-burner -> overburn ('''Checked''')

== Networking ==

*[http://www.debianadmin.com/ubuntu-networking-for-basic-and-advanced-users.html Tutorial Completo sobre Redes em Ubuntu]- Ingles, Guia passo-a-passo sobre redes para utilizadores iniciantes e avanÃ§ados.

==== Como configurar o Google Talk ====

*Veja a resposta em [http://www.google.com/support/talk/bin/answer.py?answer=24073 Google Talk Help Center]

==== Como activar/desactivar as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Rede
*DefiniÃ§Ãµes de Rede

Separador LigaÃ§Ãµes -> Escolher "LigaÃ§Ã£o com fios" -> Activar modo roaming

ou usando o Network Manager que estÃ¡ no systray.

==== Como configurar ligaÃ§Ãµes a rede ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Rede
*DefiniÃ§Ãµes de Rede

Separador LigaÃ§Ãµes -> Escolher "LigaÃ§Ã£o com fios" -> '''Propriedades'''
Desactivar modo roaming
Connection -> Enable this connection ('''Checked''')
DefiniÃ§Ãµes de ligaÃ§Ã£o -> ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o: Escolher "DHCP/Static IP address"

Separador DNS -> Servidores DNS -> Adicionar/Apagar

*Ler [[#Como activar/desactivar as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede]]

==== Como configurar ligaÃ§Ãµes Dialup ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
* Para configurar dialup

sudo pppconfig

* Para ligar dialup

sudo pon provider_name

* Para desconectar dialup

sudo poff

''OU''

*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Rede
*DefiniÃ§Ãµes de Rede

Separador LigaÃ§Ãµes -> Escolher "LigaÃ§Ã£o por modem" -> Propriedades

==== Como configurar ligaÃ§Ãµes ADSL ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo pppoeconf

==== Como mudar o nome do computador ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Rede
*DefiniÃ§Ãµes de Rede

Separador Geral -> DefiniÃ§Ãµes de MÃ¡quina -> Nome da mÃ¡quina (Hostname): Especificar nome do computador

*Reiniciar o computador

==== Como mudar a descriÃ§Ã£o do computador ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o servidor Samba para o serviÃ§o de partilha de ficheiros/pastas]]

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Procure esta linha

...
server string = %h server (Samba, Ubuntu)
...

*Substitua pela linha seguinte

server string = nova_descricao_computador

*Grave o ficheiro editado

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== Como mudar o domÃnio/grupo de trabalho (Domain/Workgroup) do computador ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o servidor Samba para o serviÃ§o de partilha de ficheiros/pastas]]

sudo cp /etc/samba/smb.conf /etc/samba/smb.conf_backup
sudo gedit /etc/samba/smb.conf

*Procure esta linha

...
workgroup = MSHOME
...

*Substitua pela linha seguinte

workgroup = novo_dominio_ou_grupo_de_trabalho

*Grave o ficheiro editado

sudo testparm
sudo /etc/init.d/samba restart

==== Como designar o Hostname de uma mÃ¡quina local com IP dinÃ¢mico, usando um serviÃ§o de DynDNS gratuito ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*Registe o DNS DinÃ¢mico gratuito em https://www.dyndns.org

sudo apt-get install ipcheck
gksudo gedit /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update

*Insira as linhas seguintes no ficheiro novo, alterando "meuutilizador" and "minhapassword" pelo seu utilizador e password e myhostname pelo seu do registo dyndns.

<pre>
#!/bin/sh

USERNAME=meuutilizador
PASSWORD=minhapassword
HOSTNAME=myhostname.dyndns.org

cd /root/
if [ -f /root/ipcheck.dat ]; then
ipcheck -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
else
ipcheck --makedat -r checkip.dyndns.org:8245 $USERNAME $PASSWORD $HOSTNAME
fi
</pre>
*Grave o ficheiro editado

sudo chmod 700 /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update
sudo sh /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/dyndns_update

==== Como partilhar pastas de forma fÃ¡cil ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o servidor Samba para o serviÃ§o de partilha de ficheiros/pastas]]

Right click on folder -> Share folder

Shared folder -> Share with: Select "SMB"
Share properties -> Name: Specify the share name

==== Como ver os computadores na rede ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''Exemplo: Assumindo que as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede foram bem configuradas''
:'' Se as pastas dos computadores ou de rede nÃ£o forem encontradas, tente aceder directamente a elas''
:'' Ler [[#Como aceder a pastas de rede sem as montar]]''

*Locais -> Rede

==== Como aceder a pastas de rede sem as montar ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''Exemplo: Assumindo que as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede foram bem configuradas''
:'' IP do computador na rede: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Nome da pasta partilhada: linux''

*Pressione em 'Alt+F2' (Executar AplicaÃ§Ã£o...):

smb://192.168.0.1/linux

==== Como montar/desmontar manualmente pastas de rede, e permitir que todos os utilizadores as possam ler ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o servidor Samba para o serviÃ§o de partilha de ficheiros/pastas]]

:''Exemplo: Assumindo que as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede foram bem configuradas''
:'' IP do computador na rede: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Utilizador do computador na rede: myusername''
:'' Password do computador na rede: mypassword''
:'' Nome da pasta partilhada: linux''
:'' Local de montagem da pasta: /media/sharename''

*Para montar pasta de rede

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword

*Para desmontar pasta de rede

sudo umount /media/sharename/

==== Como montar/desmontar manualmente pastas de rede, e permitir que todos os utilizadores as possam ler/escrever ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o servidor Samba para o serviÃ§o de partilha de ficheiros/pastas]]

:''Exemplo: Assumindo que as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede foram bem configuradas''
:'' IP do computador na rede: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Utilizador do computador na rede: myusername''
:'' Password do computador na rede: mypassword''
:'' Nome da pasta partilhada: linux''
:'' Local de montagem da pasta: /media/sharename''

*Para montar pasta de rede

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
sudo mount //192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename/ -o username=myusername,password=mypassword,dmask=777,fmask=777

*Para desmontar pasta de rede

sudo umount /media/sharename/

==== Como montar pastas de rede no arranque, e permitir que todos os utilizadores as possam ler ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o servidor Samba para o serviÃ§o de partilha de ficheiros/pastas]]

:''Exemplo: Assumindo que as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede foram bem configuradas''
:'' IP do computador na rede: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Utilizador do computador na rede: myusername''
:'' Password do computador na rede: mypassword''
:'' Nome da pasta partilhada: linux''
:'' Local de montagem da pasta: /media/sharename''

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
gksudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials

*Insira as linhas seguintes no ficheiro novo.

username=myusername
password=mypassword

*Guarde o ficheiro editado

sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Adicione a linha seguinte ao final do ficheiro

//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials 0 0

*Guarde o ficheiro editado
*Ler [[#Como re-montar o /etc/fstab sem reiniciar]]

==== Como montar pastas de rede ao iniciar, e permitir que todos os utilizadores as possam ler/escrever ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como instalar o servidor Samba para o serviÃ§o de partilha de ficheiros/pastas]]

:''Exemplo: Assumindo que as ligaÃ§Ãµes de rede foram bem configuradas''
:'' IP do computador na rede: 192.168.0.1''
:'' Utilizador do computador na rede: myusername''
:'' Password do computador na rede: mypassword''
:'' Nome da pasta partilhada: linux''
:'' Local de montagem da pasta: /media/sharename''

sudo mkdir /media/sharename
gksudo gedit /root/.smbcredentials

*Insira as linhas seguintes no ficheiro novo.

username=myusername
password=mypassword

*Guarde o ficheiro editado

sudo chmod 700 /root/.smbcredentials
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Adicione a linha segunte ao final do ficheiro

//192.168.0.1/linux /media/sharename smbfs credentials=/root/.smbcredentials,dmask=777,fmask=777 0 0

*Guarde o ficheiro editado
*Ler [[#Como re-montar o /etc/fstab sem reiniciar]]

==== Como ter ipw2200 e wpa a funcionar ====

*Funciona no Ubuntu Feisty de base.

==== Como ter ipw3945 e wep/wpa a funcionar ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

*Instalar o pacote linux-restricted-modules para o seu kernel

sudo apt-get install linux-restricted-modules-$(uname -r)

:Reinicie o seu sistema e jÃ¡ deverÃ¡ ter Wireless.

*Para uma fÃ¡cil conecÃ§Ã£o rede, ler [[#Como configurar Ubuntu/Kubuntu com WPA usando Network-Manager]].

==== Como configurar e iniciar PPTP tunnels (VPN) ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Use [http://pptpclient.sourceforge.net/howto-ubuntu.phtml estas instruÃ§Ãµes] para instalar o Cliente PPTP automaticamente
:'''OU'''
*Instale manualmente

wget -c http://linux.edu.lv/uploads/content/pptp.tar.gz
tar zxvf pptp.tar.gz
cd ./pptp/
sudo sh ./pptp/install
cd ..

*Para configurar o Cliente PPTP

gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/pptpconfig.desktop

*Substitua o conteÃºdo desse ficheiro com as seguintes linhas

[Desktop Entry]
Name=PPTP Client
Comment=Configure and start PPTP tunnels (VPN)
Categories=Application;Network
Encoding=UTF-8
Exec=gksudo pptpconfig
Icon=gnome-remote-desktop.png
StartupNotify=true
Terminal=false
Type=Application

*As linhas acima mudam o ficheiro que vem por defeito de trÃªs maneiras: a aplicaÃ§Ã£o Ã© colocada na categoria AplicaÃ§Ãµes/Internet, gksudo vai fazer com que a aplicaÃ§Ã£o seja executada como superuser e nÃ³s pomos um Ãcone bonito que aparece no menu.
*Inicie o cliente com ''AplicaÃ§Ãµes > Internet -> PPTP Client''

:'''OU'''

Pode recorrer a um mÃ©todo diferente no caso de utilizar o NetworkManager

*Configurar VPN com o Network Manager

sudo apt-get install network-manager-pptp

Tem que reiniciar apÃ³s a instalaÃ§Ã£o.

Para configurar uma VPN clique no Ãcone NetworkManager no tabuleiro VPN Connections->Configure VPN
Use the defaults and be sure to check the box: Refuse EAP under the Authentication tab. To get my connection to work I also had to check Require MPPE Encryption under Compression & Encryption
* A Nice [http://customisinglife.wordpress.com/2006/11/20/vpn-connection-in-edgy/ tutorial here]

==== How to Configure Ubuntu/Kubuntu with WPA using Network-Manager ====

>> This section should probably be removed? Network manager w/ WPA support is standard in Feisty?

Ubuntu Dapper in typical cases can configure WPA to work out of the box with minimal hassle. You'll need to install network-manager.

For Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install network-manager-gnome

For Kubuntu (will install knetworkmanager):

sudo apt-get install network-manager-kde

Logout/Reboot.

Ubuntu users should now see the NetworkManager Applet in the Gnome notification area. Kubuntu users will probably have to run <tt>knetworkmanager</tt> before they see NetworkManager in the systray.

If instead, you get a "The NetworkManager applet could not find some required resources. It cannot continue." message, then:

sudo gtk-update-icon-cache -f /usr/share/icons/hicolor

Once Network-Manager is installed, click on the NM icon in the notification area (default is at the top right of Ubuntu/Gnome). Choose your network, then enter your passphrase. Type a password for the keyring, and you're set.

If you don't see your network, click "Create New Wireless Network...", type your essid/networkname, then choose "WPA Personal" for wireless security.

*Note: If you installed Kubuntu then installed ubuntu-desktop & network-manager-gnome, you may not be able to use network-manager in Gnome, if at all. In this case, you may have to use WPA Supplicant and do some manual editing of conf files to get WPA up and running.

*Note: When you first log into Gnome/KDE, the keyring application will ask for a password. Future revisions of Network-Manager should resolve this.

====Como instalar uma chave GPG com Seahorse e Evolution====
* Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
* Instalar seahorse
apt-get install seahorse
* AplicaÃ§Ãµes > AcessÃ³rios > Palavras-chave e Chaves de EncriptaÃ§Ã£o
* Chave > Criar Nova Chave
* Seleccione "Chave PGP", depois preencher toda a informaÃ§Ã£o. Assegure-se que usou o seu endereÃ§o de correio electrÃ³nico real.
* Espere que a chave termine de gerar.
* Pode agora clicar com botÃ£o direito do rato na chave de entrada para exportar, sincronizar ou publicar a chave.

* Evolution deve agora ter esperanÃ§a de ver a chave transparente.

====How to Setup BIND DNS Server====
Reference: copied from http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=236093

* Install bind 9:
sudo apt-get install bind9

* Configure the main Bind files. Usually, if you install Bind from the source code, you will have to edit the file named.conf. However, Ubuntu provides you with a pre-configured Bind, so we will edit another file:
sudo vi /etc/bind/named.conf.local

This is where we will insert our zones. By the way, a zone is a domain name that is referenced in the DNS server
Insert this in the named.conf.local file:

<pre>
# This is the zone definition. replace example.com with your domain name
zone "example.com" {
type master;
file "/etc/bind/zones/example.com.db";
};

# This is the zone definition for reverse DNS. replace 0.168.192 with your
# network address in reverse notation - e.g my network address is 192.168.0
zone "0.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "/etc/bind/zones/rev.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa";
};
</pre>

* Ok, now, let's edit the options file:
sudo vi /etc/bind/named.conf.options

* We need to modify the forwarder. This is the DNS server to which your own DNS will forward the requests he cannot process.

<pre>
forwarders {
# Replace the address below with the address of your provider's DNS server
123.123.123.123;
};
</pre>

* Now, let's add the zone definition files (replace example.com with your domain name:

<pre>
sudo mkdir /etc/bind/zones
sudo vi /etc/bind/zones/example.com.db
</pre>

* The zone definition file is where we will put all the addresses / machine names that our DNS server will know. You can take the following example:

<pre>
// replace example.com with your domain name. do not forget the . after the domain name!
// Also, replace ns1 with the name of your DNS server
example.com. IN SOA ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (
// Do not modify the following lines!
2006081401
28800
3600
604800
38400
)

// Replace the following line as necessary:
// ns1 = DNS Server name
// mta = mail server name
// example.com = domain name
example.com. IN NS ns1.example.com.
example.com. IN MX 10 mta.example.com.

// Replace the IP address with the right IP addresses.
www IN A 192.168.0.2
mta IN A 192.168.0.3
ns1 IN A 192.168.0.1
</pre>

* Now, let's create the reverse DNS zone file:

sudo vi /etc/bind/zones/rev.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa

* Copy and paste the following text, modify as needed:

<pre>
//replace example.com with yoour domain name, ns1 with your DNS server name.
// The number before IN PTR example.com is the machine address of the DNS server. in my case, it's 1, as my IP address is 192.168.0.1.
@ IN SOA ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (
2006081401;
28800;
604800;
604800;
86400
)

IN NS ns1.example.com.
1 IN PTR example.com
</pre>

* Ok, now you just need to restart bind:

sudo /etc/init.d/bind9 restart

* We can now test the new DNS server...
* Modify the file resolv.conf with the following settings:

sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf

* enter the following:

<pre>
// replace example.com with your domain name, and 192.168.0.1 with the address of your new DNS server.
search example.com
nameserver 192.168.0.1
</pre>

* Now, test your DNS:

dig example.com

== Remote Access ==

==== Remote Login via XDMCP ====

===== What is XDMCP? =====

GNOME windows can support several different users simultaniously. Unlike vncviewer that just duplicates the current screen on a remote system, XDMCP allows several different users to login and run different GNOME sessions at the same time. So if you have a fast computer runing Ubuntu, several users can use their slow machines to login and run heavy applications only available on the fast machine.

===== How to turn on the XDMCP feature =====
To turn on the XDMCP feature on the fast computer, click the menu
Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Login Window

In the Login Window Preferences dialog window, select
Remote Tab -> Style: Same as Local -> Close the dialog window -> Restart the PC

===== How to login from another PC running Ubuntu =====
1. Reboot the slow PC and stop at the login screen
2. Click Options at the lower left corner of the login screen
3. Select "Remote Login via XDMCP"
4. On the dialog window, type in the host name or ip of the fast computer you want to login to

==== Remote Desktop Sharing/Duplication via VNC ====

===== How to configure remote desktop (not secure) =====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''Warning! Remote Desktop will only work if there's a GNOME login session''
:'' Leaving computer with an unattended GNOME login session is not secure''
:'' Use (System -> Lock Screen) and switch off the monitor when computer is left unattended''

*Sistema -> Preferencias -> Remote Desktop
*Remote Desktop Preferences

Sharing ->
Allow other users to view your desktop ('''Checked''')
Allow other users to control your desktop ('''Checked''')

Security ->
Ask you for confirmation (Un-Checked)
Require the user to enter this password: ('''Checked''')
Password: Specify the password

===== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop =====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:'' Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''

vncviewer -fullscreen 192.168.0.1:0

*To quit vncviewer

Press 'F8' -> Quit viewer

===== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via Windows machine =====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:'' Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''

*If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port. The default one is 5900
:'' This process is called port forwarding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding port forwarding]

*Download DotNetVNC: [http://dotnetvnc.sourceforge.net/ Here] or RealVNC [http://www.realvnc.com/ Here]
:'' this is a free DotNet version that require the DotNet framework available from microsoft [http://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/ here]
:'' The RealVNC website was created and maintained by the original developers of VNC during their time at AT&T. RealVNC comes in Free, Personal, and Enterprise editions - the latter two costing money.

*Open the VNC client you have chosen, and insert the connection string formatted like this <LINUX BOX IP><:DESKTOP NUMBER>|<::PORT>
:'' In example use: 192.168.1.2:0 or 192.168.1.2::5900 to connect to desktop 0, to connect to desktop 1 use 192.168.1.2:1 or 192.168.1.2::5901 and so on

===== How to connect into remote Ubuntu desktop via OSX =====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

:''e.g. Assumed that remote Ubuntu machine have configured Remote Desktop''
:'' Read [[#How to configure remote desktop (not secure)]]''
:'' Remote Ubuntu machine: 192.168.0.1''

*If you have a router remember to open the appropiate port the default one is 5900
:'' This process is called port forwarding [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_forwarding port forwarding]

*Download ChickenOfTheVNC: [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cotvnc/ Here]

*Open ChickenOfTheVNC, and insert the host (IP address of remote machine), the display number (0 is default and is port 5900) and the password.
:'' In example use: Host: 192.168.0.1, Display 0, Password: password

== Windows ==

==== Como fazer o mount/unmount de partiÃ§Ãµes Windows (NTFS) manualmente, permitindo apenas o modo de leitura ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como listar a tabela de PartiÃ§Ãµes]]

:''e.g. Assumindo que /dev/hda1 Ã© a localizaÃ§Ã£o da partiÃ§Ã£o do Windows (NTFS)''
:'' Pasta de montagem: /media/windows''

*Para montar a partiÃ§Ã£o do Windows

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t ntfs -o nls=utf8,umask=0222

*Para desmontar a partiÃ§Ã£o do Windows

sudo umount /media/windows/

==== Como fazer mount/unmount de partiÃ§Ãµes Windows (FAT) manualmente, e permitir leitura/escrita a todos os utilizadores====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como listar a tabela de PartiÃ§Ãµes]]

:''e.g. Assumindo que /dev/hda1 Ã© a localizaÃ§Ã£o da partiÃ§Ã£o do Windows (FAT)''
:'' Pasta local para mount: /media/windows''

*Para fazer o mount da partiÃ§Ã£o Windows

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo mount /dev/hda1 /media/windows/ -t vfat -o iocharset=utf8,umask=000

*Para fazer o unmount da partiÃ§Ã£o Windows

sudo umount /media/windows/

==== Como montar partiÃ§Ãµes de Windows (NTFS) no arranque e permitir modo de leitura apenas ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como listar a tabela de PartiÃ§Ãµes]]

:''e.g. Assumindo que /dev/hda1 Ã© onde estÃ¡ a sua partiÃ§Ã£o do Windows (NTFS)''
:'' Local de montagem da pasta: /media/windows''

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Adicionar ao final do ficheiro

/dev/hda1 /media/windows ntfs nls=utf8,umask=0222 0 0

*Grave o ficheiro editado
*Ler [[#Como re-montar o /etc/fstab sem reiniciar]]

==== Como montar partiÃ§Ãµes de Windows (FAT) no arranque, permitindo a leitura/escrita a todos os utilizadores ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como listar a tabela de PartiÃ§Ãµes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition (FAT)''
:'' Local mount folder: /media/windows''

sudo mkdir /media/windows
sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/fstab

*Append the following line at the end of file

/dev/hda1 /media/windows vfat iocharset=utf8,umask=000 0 0

*Grave o ficheiro editado
*Ler [[#Como re-montar o /etc/fstab sem reiniciar]]

==== Como montar partiÃ§Ãµes de Windows (NTFS) no arranque, permitindo a leitura/escrita a todos os utilizadores ====
*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

*Para poder escrever em NTFS Ã© preciso instalar o Driver Ntfs-3G

LimitaÃ§Ãµes:
- Aceder a ficheiros encriptados
- Escrever em sistemas comprimidos ( pode-se ler )
- Alterar permissoes e dono

InstalaÃ§Ã£o via Consola:

sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g ntfs-config

InstalaÃ§Ã£o Graficamente:

*AplicaÃ§Ãµes -> Adicionar/Remover Programas -> Pesquisar por NTFS -> Instalar a Ferramenta de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o NTFS

Para activar:

*AplicaÃ§Ãµes -> Ferramentas de Sistema -> Ferramenta de ConfiguraÃ§Ã£o NTFS -> Activar suporte a escrita

== SeguranÃ§a ==

==== What are the basic things I need to know about securing my Ubuntu ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Assegurar-se que o disco rÃgido Ã© o primeiro na sequÃªncia de arranque na BIOS
**Para impedir que os utilizadores maliciosos usem um CD de instalaÃ§Ã£o de Linux que permiti-lhes-ia aceder Ã conta de utilizador root
**Para impedir que os utilizadores maliciosos usem um CD Live de Linux (por ex: UBUNTU/KNOPPIX/MEPIS) que permiti-lhes-ia destruir/navegar/partilhar todo o disco rÃgido
**Para impedir que os utilizadores maliciosos de instalar outro Sistema Operativo
*Assegurar-se que a BIOS tem Password activada
**Para impedir que os utilizadores maliciosos de modificar a sequÃªncia de arranque na BIOS
*Assegurar-se que o computador estÃ¡ localizado num lugar seguro
**Para impedir que os utilizadores maliciosos de remover o disco rÃgido do computador que permiti-lhes-ia destruir/navegar/partilhar todo o disco rÃgido num outro computador
**Para impedir que os utilizadores maliciosos de remover a pilha da motherboard do computador que lhes permitiria limpar a password da BIOS
*Assegurar-se que as passwords usadas no sistema nÃ£o sejam facilmente adivinhadas
**Para impedir que os utilizadores maliciosos de crackar o ficheiro de password utilizando ataques de forÃ§a bruta (por ex: John the Ripper)
**Criar uma password com o comprimento mÃnimo de 8 caracteres
**Criar uma password com uma mistura de caracteres/numeros, e tambÃ©m maiÃºsculas/minÃºsculas
*Ensure interactive editing control for GRUB menu is disabled
**To prevent trespassers from modifying kernel boot-up arguments which allows them to have root user access
**Ler [[#How to disable all interactive editing control for GRUB menu]]
*Ensure history listing is disabled in Console mode
**To prevent trespassers from seeing previously issued commands
**Ler [[#How to disable history listing in Console mode]]
*Ensure Ctrl+Alt+Del is disabled in Console mode
**To prevent trespassers from restarting the system without permission in Console mode
**Ler [[#How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Del from restarting computer in Console mode]]
*Ensure interactive option is set for remove, copy and move of files/folders in Console mode
**To prevent accidental removal/overwritten of files/folders
**Ler [[#How to enable prompt before removal/overwritten of files/folders in Console mode]]
*For day to day usage, login as a normal user
**To prevent accidental deletion/modification of system files/folders
**Ler [[#How to add/edit/delete system users]]
*Disable root user account, use "sudo" instead
**To reduce the amount of time spent with root privileges, and thus the risk of inadvertently executing a command as root
**"sudo" provides a more useful audit trail (/var/log/auth.log)
**Ler [[#How to disable root user account]]
*Install a Firewall
**A firewall does not guarantee security but it is in most environments the first line of defense against network based attacks
**Ler [[#How to install Firewall (Firestarter)]]
*Perform vulnerability test
**Nessus is a great tool designed to automate the testing and discovery of known security problems
**Ler [[#How to install Vulnerability Scanner (Nessus)]]

==== Como desactivar a ediÃ§Ã£o interactiva do menu do GRUB? ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

*Corra na consola o seguinte comando:

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (password encriptada)
grub> quit

*FaÃ§a uma cÃ³pia de seguranÃ§a do ficheiro de configuraÃ§Ã£o do grub

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Procure esta secÃ§Ã£o
...
## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
# password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret
...

*Adicione a seguinte linha por baixo, com password encriptada dadÃ¡ anteriormente

password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (password encriptada dadÃ¡ anteriormente)

*Procure a secÃ§Ã£o semelhante a esta - AnteÃ§Ã£o as parte "Recovery mode" e "Single"

...
title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro single
initrd /boot/initrd.img-2.6.10-5-386
savedefault
boot
...

*Adicione ''lock'' entre as linhas do ''title'' e ''root'':

...
title Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)
'''lock'''
root (hd0,1)
...

*Guarde o ficheiro editado

*Desta forma, para editar o Grub serÃ¡ necessÃ¡rio password, e os modos de recuperaÃ§Ã£o sÃ³ iram funcionar com a introduÃ§Ã£o da password.
Para aceder as opÃ§Ãµes do grub, siga as instruÃ§Ãµes no final do ecrÃ¡ do grub.

==== Como desactivar o histÃ³rico no modo consola ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Fonte: [http://gentoo-wiki.com/SECURITY_Adjusting_The_Way_Bash_History_Funtions Gentoo Wiki]:
rm -f .bash_history
gedit ~/.bash_profile

*Adicione as linhas seguintes:
export HISTFILESIZE=4
unset HISTFILE=5

# Change this to a reasonable number of lines to save, I like to save only 100.
export HISTSIZE=100

# Ignores duplicate lines next to each other
export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups

This will disable Bash history for the user, retaining keystroke history and recall to use while limiting recall history to 100 lines. This will also not record duplicate lines next to each other.

==== Como impedir as teclas Ctrl+Alt+Del de reiniciarem o computador no modo Consola ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/inittab

*Procure a seguinte linha

...
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
...

*Substitua pela linha seguinte

#ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

*Grave o ficheiro editado

sudo telinit q

==== Como activar a confirmaÃ§Ã£o antes de remover/alterar ficheiros/pastas no modo Consola ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

sudo cp /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/bash.bashrc

*Adicione as linhas seguintes ao final do ficheiro

alias rm='rm -i'
alias cp='cp -i'
alias mv='mv -i'

*Grave o ficheiro editado

==== How to setup a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojack LoJack] system for your laptop ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*Ler [[#How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service]]

'''What:''' Quote from Wikipedia: "LoJack is an aftermarket vehicle tracking system that allows cars to be tracked by police after being stolen. The manufacturer claims a 90% recovery rate. The name "LoJack" is a play on the word "hijack," meaning the theft of a vehicle through force."

'''Why:''' If your laptop is ever stolen and connected to the Internet. You will be able to find out from what IP it connects to the Internet from and contact the authorities.

'''How:'''

* Get a free dynamic IP account from one of the many providers. Here we will use [https://www.dyndns.com/ DynDNS].

* Install ddclient. In the section [[#How to assign Hostname to local machine with dynamic IP using free DynDNS service]] we installed the package ''ipcheck'', here we prefer to use ''ddclient'' because it can get the IP from an external source on the Internet instead of getting it from a network adapter.

sudo apt-get install ddclient

* Edit the configuration file ''/etc/ddclient.conf'' using you fevorite text editor (emacs, gedit, kedit or even vi)

sudo emacs /etc/ddclient.conf

* Make it look like this:

# Configuration file for ddclient generated by debconf
#
# /etc/ddclient.conf
pid=/var/run/ddclient.pid
protocol=dyndns2
use=web
server=members.dyndns.org
login=YourNameHere
password='YourPasswordHere'
YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com

: NOTE:
: * Make sure that you use the ''web'' IP detection method.
: * Specify your own user id instead of the place holder ''YourNameHere''.
: * Specify your own password instead of the place holder ''YourPasswordHere'', make sure to surround it with single quotes.
: * The last line should specify the hostname you registered with the dynamic IP service.

* You can now start the ddclient daemon, or wait until your next reboot.

sudo /etc/init.d/ddclient start

* The hostname you registered with your dynamic IP service should be updated. You can test it with the ''ping'' command:

ping YourHostNameHere.gotmyip.com

: Even if your laptop has a firewall that prevents pings the hostname should resolve to the IP of the network gateway that your laptop is connected to.
: Now all that is left is for someone to steal your laptop.....

'''References:'''
* http://ddclient.sourceforge.net/index.php

== Boot Menu ==

==== How to gain root user access without login ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Easiest method (will not work if GRUB menu password is set)
**Boot-up computer
**If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
**Select

Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386 (recovery mode)

**Press 'Enter' to boot
*Other methods
**Ler [[#How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access]]
**Ler [[#How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access]]

==== How to modify kernel boot-up arguments, to gain root user access ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Boot-up computer
*If GRUB menu is hidden, press 'Esc' to enter the GRUB menu
*If GRUB password is set, press 'p' to unlock the GRUB menu
*Select

Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.10-5-386

*Press 'e' to edit the commands before booting
*Select

kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash

*Press 'e' to edit the selected command in the boot sequence
*Add "rw init=/bin/bash" to the end of the arguments

grub edit> kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.10-5-386 root=/dev/hda2 ro quiet splash rw init=/bin/bash

*Press 'b' to boot

==== How to use Ubuntu Installation CD, to gain root user access ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Boot-up computer into Ubuntu Installation CD
*At "boot:" prompt, add "rescue" to the argument

boot: rescue

*Follow the instructions on screen

==== How to change root user/main user password if forgotten ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#How to gain root user access without login]]
*To change root user password

# passwd root

*To change main user password

# passwd system_main_username

==== How to change GRUB menu password if forgotten ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]

grub

grub> md5crypt
Password: ****** (ubuntu)
Encrypted: $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password)
grub> quit

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Procure a seguinte linha

...
password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
...

*Substitua pela linha seguinte

password --md5 $1$ZWnke0$1fzDBVjUcT1Mpdd4u/T961 (encrypted password above)

*Grave o ficheiro editado

==== How to restore GRUB menu after Windows installation ====

=====Super Grub Disk=====
*Use [http://supergrub.forjamari.linex.org/ Super Grub Disk]
*More info on how to use it [http://users.bigpond.net.au/hermanzone/SuperGrubDiskPage.html here]

=====Grub=====
If you have booted your linux distro with Super Grub Disk, or a live CD and want to restore your grub, follow the below instructions:
*As root (or with sudo), type <code>grub</code>
*When at the grub prompt, type <code>find /boot/grub/stage2</code>
*This will return something like <code>(hd0,2)</code>
*To setup the boot partition boot type <code>root (hd0,2)</code>. This is the harddrive and the partition your linux is installed on...
*And then to configure grub type <code>setup (hd0)</code>
*Now you're done, so exit with <code>quit</code>

==== How to identify the name of the boot drive (hd0, hd1, hd2, etc) ====

Press "c" on boot menu. If you don't see a boot menu, press ESC key first when booting to show the boot menu.

Type:

root (hd0,0)

Most likely you will get "(hd0,0) ext2fs", which should be your current Linux drive. Now change hd0 to hd1 to see what is there.

root (hd1,0)

If you get "(hd1,0) filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7", then hd1 is a Windows drive.

Now change hd1 to hd2, keep going until you reach hd7.

==== How to add Windows entry into GRUB menu ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#Como listar a tabela de PartiÃ§Ãµes]]

:''e.g. Assumed that /dev/hda1 is the location of Windows partition''

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Adicione as linhas seguintes ao final do ficheiro

title Microsoft Windows
root (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader +1

*Grave o ficheiro editado

==== How to boot into Windows installed on a seperate SATA drive ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Ler [[#How to identify the name of the boot drive (hd0, hd1, hd2, etc)]]

This configuration applies to people who have Linux installed on a IDE drive, and Windows installed on a seperate SATA. The IDE drive boots first, so we need to add an entry to the boot menu on the Linux disk. Here we assume the name of your Windows drive is hd1. If you are not sure, click the link above to find out.

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Adicione as linhas seguintes ao final do ficheiro.

title Windows XP on SATA drive
map (hd0) (hd1)
map (hd1) (hd0)
chainloader (hd1,0)+1

*Grave o ficheiro editado

==== How to read Linux partitions (ext2, ext3) in Windows machine ====

*Ler [[#Notas Gerais]]
*Download Explore2fs: [http://easylinux.info/uploads/explore2fs-1.07.zip Here]
:ou
*See [http://www.fs-driver.org/index.html www.fs-driver.org]

== Tips And Tricks ==

=== How to enable lame for FFMPEG (needed to encode FLV with sound) ===

KINO FLVs silent? You need to recompile FFMPEG with LAME enabled. FFMPEG can be installed via apt-get as a package, but is not able encode MP3, which is the audio stream in FLV video (like Google & YouTube).

*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*Ensure Ubuntu Universe repository is not preceded by # in /etc/apt/sources.list
*Download and install lame liblame-dev and gcc packages (mp3 encoder + GNU compiler collection)
<pre>
sudo apt-get build-dep ffmpeg
sudo apt-get install liblame-dev libfaad2-dev libfaac-dev libxvidcore4-dev liba52-0.7.4 \
liba52-0.7.4-dev libx264-dev checkinstall build-essential gcc
</pre>
*Download and extract FFMPEG source to current working directory
<pre>
sudo apt-get source ffmpeg
</pre>
*Compile FFMPEG from source
<pre>
cd ffmpeg-*
sudo ./configure --enable-gpl --enable-pp --enable-vorbis --enable-libogg \
--enable-a52 --enable-dts --enable-dc1394 --enable-libgsm --disable-debug \
--enable-mp3lame --enable-faad --enable-faac --enable-xvid --enable-pthreads \
--enable-x264

maybe try instead =
sudo ./configure --enable-gpl --enable-pp --enable-libvorbis --enable-libogg \
--enable-liba52 --enable-libdts --enable-dc1394 --enable-libgsm --disable-debug \
--enable-libmp3lame --enable-libfaad --enable-libfaac --enable-xvid --enable-pthreads \
--enable-x264

sudo make
sudo checkinstall [accept defaults, set version to 3:0.cvs20060823-3.1ubuntu2]
</pre>

If an application you are using employs FFMPEG to encode FLV, it should now work properly. You can also call FFMPEG directly from the command line. The extension/suffix of the outfile tells FFMPEG which audio or video format to encode to.
<pre>
ffmpeg [-i infile] [outfile]
</pre>

=== How to enable smooth fonts ===

gedit ~/.fonts.conf
*Paste in this text:

<?xml version=â1.0â ?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM âfonts.dtdâ>
<fontconfig>
<match target=âfontâ>
<edit name=âautohintâ mode=âassignâ>
<bool>true</bool>
</edit>
</match>
</fontconfig>
*Youâll have to log out and back in to see the difference.

=== Como reiniciar o GNOME sem reiniciar o computador ===

*Guarde e encerre todas as aplicaÃ§Ãµes em execuÃ§Ã£o

Pressione 'Ctrl + Alt + Backspace'

:ou

sudo /etc/init.d/gdm restart

:ou

Se estas dicas nÃ£o tiverem ajudado, ler: [[#System requests (What to do if your system is unresponsive)]]

=== How to turn on Num Lock on GNOME startup ===

*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo aptitude install numlockx
sudo cp /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/gdm/Init/Default

*Procure a seguinte linha

...
exit 0

*Add the following lines above it

if [ -x /usr/bin/numlockx ]; then
/usr/bin/numlockx on
fi

*Grave o ficheiro editado
*Ler [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

=== How to remap the Caps Lock key as another Control key ===

gksudo gedit /etc/console-tools/remap

==== In the Console ====
*Change
#s/keycode 58 = Caps_Lock/keycode 58 = Control/;
to
s/keycode 58 = Caps_Lock/keycode 58 = Control/;

*Save your work

sudo /etc/init.d/console-screen.sh

*Try using it

==== In X Windows ====
gksudo gedit ~/.Xmodmap

*Add this:
keycode 66 = Control_L
clear Lock
add Control = Control_L

*Now, apply the changes.
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap

*To apply them on startup
**If ~/.xinitrc does not exist,
cp /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc ~/.xinitrc

*In all cases
gedit ~/.xinitrc

*Make the first line this:
xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap

*Restart X (Ctrl - Alt - Backspace)
*Log In, a dialog should pop up, add .Xmodmap to the left side with the add button, and Save.

=== How to run programs on startup when login into GNOME ===

*Sistema -> Preferencias -> Sessions
*Sessions

Startup Programs Tab -> Add/Edit/Delete

=== How to speed-up your Ubuntu box ===

*Read the following post: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=189192

=== How to switch to Console mode in GNOME ===

*To switch to Console mode

Press 'Ctrl + Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)

*To switch between consoles in Console mode

Press 'Alt + F1' (F2 - F6)

*To switch back to GNOME mode

Press 'Alt + F7'

=== How to disable Ctrl+Alt+Backspace from restarting X in GNOME and KDE 3.5.x ===

sudo cp /etc/X11/xorg.conf /etc/X11/xorg.conf_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/X11/xorg.conf

*Adicione as linhas seguintes ao final do ficheiro

Section "ServerFlags"
Option "DontZap" "yes"
EndSection

*Grave o ficheiro editado
*Ler [[#How to restart GNOME without rebooting computer]]

=== Como fazer o Ctrl+Alt+Del abrir o System Monitor no GNOME ===

gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/global_keybindings/run_command_9 "<Control><Alt>Delete"
gconftool-2 -t str --set /apps/metacity/keybinding_commands/command_9 "gnome-system-monitor"

=== Como fazer refresh ao ambiente de trabalho do GNOME ===

killall nautilus

=== Como actualizar o painel do GNOME ===

killall gnome-panel

=== How to enable autosave in Gedit and disable creation of some_file~ files ===

*Applications -> System Tools -> Configuration Editor
*Configuration Editor

/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> create_backup_copy ('''Unchecked''')
/ -> apps -> gedit-2 -> preferences -> editor -> save -> auto_save ('''Checked''')

=== How to show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus ===

*Places -> Home Folder
*To temporary show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Press 'Ctrl + H'

*To permanently show all hidden files/folders in Nautilus

Edit Menu -> Preferences

Views Tab -> Default View -> Show hidden and backup files ('''Checked''')

=== How to browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus ===

*To install File Browser (Root)

gksudo gedit /usr/share/applications/Nautilus-root.desktop

**Insert the following lines into the new file

[Desktop Entry]
Name=File Browser (Root)
Comment=Browse the filesystem with the file manager
Exec=gksudo "nautilus --browser %U"
Icon=file-manager
Terminal=false
Type=Application
Categories=Application;System;

**Grave o ficheiro editado
**Ler [[#Como actualizar o painel do GNOME]]

*To browse files/folders as root user in Nautilus
**Applications -> System Tools -> File Browser (Root)

=== How to install a "View in Terminal" Menu for Nautilus ===

*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo aptitude install nautilus-open-terminal

*Ler [[#How to refresh GNOME desktop]]

*Nautilus -> Right-click on folder or background -> Open in Terminal

=== How to change default file type "Open with" program ===

Right click on file -> '''Properties'''

Open With Tab -> Add
Select "Open with" program

Select "Open with" program ('''Checked''')

=== Como alterar o cliente de e-mail predefinido para o Mozilla Thunderbird ===

*Ler [[#How to install Email Client (Mozilla Thunderbird)]]
*Sistema -> Preferencias -> Preferred Applications
*Preferred Applications

Mail Reader Tab -> Default Mail Reader -> Command: mozilla-thunderbird %s

=== How to open files as root user via right click ===

gedit $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

*Insert the following lines into the new file

for uri in $NAUTILUS_SCRIPT_SELECTED_URIS; do
gksudo "gnome-open $uri" &
done

*Grave o ficheiro editado

chmod +x $HOME/.gnome2/nautilus-scripts/Open\ as\ root

Right click on file -> Scripts -> Open as root

=== How to disable beep sound in Terminal mode ===

Not for Dapper---- firingstone

*Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal
*Terminal

Edit Menu -> Current Profile...

General Tab -> General -> Terminal bell (Un-Checked)

=== How to handle mms protocol in Mozilla Firefox ===

*Ler [[#How to install VLC Multimedia Player with plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
 
* Open your firefox.
* Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose '''"new"''', then '''"string"'''. Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:

network.protocol-handler.app.mms

Into the next text field copy this:

/usr/bin/X11/vlc

Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but '''"boolean"''', and the line to copy is:

network.protocol-handler.external.mms

Then set

true

=== How to handle rtsp (realmedia) protocol in Mozilla Firefox ===

*Ler [[#How to install Multimedia Player (RealPlayer 10)]]
 
* Open your firefox.
* Type as url: about:config
Now just right click somewhere into the main window. A little box with options to choose will appear. Choose '''"new"''', then '''"string"'''. Then copy the following line into the appearing text field:

network.protocol-handler.app.rtsp

Into the next text field copy this:

/usr/bin/X11/realplay

Now you do the same thing again, but this time you do not choose "string" but '''"boolean"''', and the line to copy is:

network.protocol-handler.external.rtsp

Then set

true

=== How to load Web site faster in Mozilla Firefox ===

*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/speed-up-firefox-web-browser.html Speed Up Firefox Web Browser Tips]

*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: ->
network.dns.disableIPv6 -> true
network.http.pipelining -> true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests -> 8
network.http.proxy.pipelining -> true

*Restart Mozilla Firefox

=== How to disable beep sound for link find function in Mozilla Firefox ===

*Applications -> Internet -> Firefox Web Browser
*Mozilla Firefox

Address Bar -> about:config

Filter: -> accessibility.typeaheadfind.enablesound -> false

*Restart Mozilla Firefox

=== How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic) ===

*[http://www.debianadmin.com/simple-package-management-with-synaptic-package-manager-in-ubuntu.html Step By Step Synaptic Package Manager Tutorials with Screenshots ]
*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Synaptic Package Manager
*To enable the extra Universe and Multiverse repositories
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#In the Installation Media tab, click Add. There are three separate repositories; Dapper Drake, Security Updates and Updates. Select each repository and check Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse). Ensure you click OK between each repository to save your changes
*#You should now see those three repositories under Channels. Make sure Officially supported, Restricted copyright, Community maintained (Universe) and Non-free (Multiverse) appears under each repository

*To add backports and PLF (new versions of many applications. Unsupported. May contain illegal packages. Use at own risk.)
*#Settings -> Repositories
*#Click on Add and then Custom
*#Paste the following four lines into the box and click Add Repository, one line at a time:

deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu feisty-backports main restricted universe multiverse

deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free
deb http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty non-free
deb-src http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty free
deb-src http://medibuntu.sos-sts.com/repo/ feisty non-free
*To refresh the list of known packages (equivalent to apt-get update)

Edit Menu -> Reload Package Information

*To install all possible upgrades (equivalent to aptitude upgrade)

Edit Menu -> Mark All Upgrades... -> Default Upgrade
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

*To search for a package (equivalent to aptitude search package_name)

Edit Menu -> Search... Specify the package name

*To install the selected package (equivalent to aptitude install package_name)

Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Installation
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

*To remove installed package (equivalent to aptitude remove package_name)

Select "package_name"
Package Menu -> Mark for Removal
Edit Menu -> Apply Marked Changes

=== What packages do the extra repositories provide ===

*Ler [[#How to apt-get the easy way (Synaptic)]]

* The [http://packages.freecontrib.org/ubuntu/plf/ PLF repository] provides
*# DVD playback support (libdvdcss2)
*# Skype
*# Sun Java SDK (Software Development Kit) and JRE (Java Runtime Environment)
*# Opera Web browser
*# RealPlayer 10
*# Win32 binary multimedia codecs

=== Como instalar/desinstalar ficheiros .deb ===

*Para instalar ficheiros .deb

sudo dpkg -i package_file.deb

*Para desinstalar ficheiros .deb

sudo dpkg -r package_name

=== Como descobrir a versÃ£o instalada de determinado pacote ===

dpkg -l nome_do_pacote

=== Como converter de .rpm para .deb ===

*Ler [[#How to install .rpm to .deb Converter (Alien)]]

sudo alien -d nome_do_pacote.rpm

=== How to compile .deb files from source ===

*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
*There are various programs available to help automate the process of create .deb files from source. For more information, see the links at the end of this section. A basic well tested method is described here.
*Install the necessary software to build the source (build-essential may be all that is necessary, though there may be other dependencies) and checkinstall (which creates deb files).

sudo aptitude install checkinstall build-essential

*In the directory where you have extracted the source, after you have run ''./configure'' and ''make'' you can create a .deb file and install it with either of the following commands. The second ''-D'' option creates a .deb file in the directory that you can share with others or install without needing the source.

sudo checkinstall
or
sudo checkinstall -D

*For more info go to [http://asic-linux.com.mx/~izto/checkinstall/index.php CheckInstall home page] and the [http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/installingsoftware.php Installing software on Ubuntu page]. [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AutoDeb Autodeb] uses a modified version of [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/AutoApt AutoApt] to complete the entire process above including extraction from the .tar.gz file, however it is still in an early stage of development.

=== How to rename all files in directory at once ===

*To install "mvb" file name renamer

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/mvb_1.6.tgz
sudo tar zxvf mvb_1.6.tgz -C /usr/share/
sudo chown -R root:root /usr/share/mvb_1.6/
sudo ln -fs /usr/share/mvb_1.6/mvb /usr/bin/mvb

*To rename all files in directory at once

mvb NEW_NAME

=== How to manipulate all image files in directory at once ===

*To install bash batch image processing script
**Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]

sudo aptitude install imagemagick
wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/bbips.0.3.2.sh
sudo cp bbips.0.3.2.sh /usr/bin/bbips
sudo chmod 755 /usr/bin/bbips

*To manipulate all image files in directory at once

bbips

=== How to set System-wide Environment Variables ===

sudo cp -p /etc/profile /etc/profile_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/profile

*Append the System-wide Environment Variables at the end of file
*Grave o ficheiro editado

=== How to save "man" outputs into files ===

man command | col -b > file.txt

=== How to hide GRUB menu on boot-up ===

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Procure a seguinte linha

...
#hiddenmenu
...

*Substitua pela linha seguinte

hiddenmenu

*Grave o ficheiro editado

=== How to change the timeout seconds for GRUB menu on boot-up ===

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Procure a seguinte linha

...
timeout 3
...

*Substitua pela linha seguinte

timeout X_seconds

*Grave o ficheiro editado

=== How to change default Operating System boot-up for GRUB menu ===

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Procure a seguinte linha

...
default 0
...

*Substitua pela linha seguinte

default X_sequence

*Grave o ficheiro editado

=== How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up ===

:''e.g. Assumed that hd0,1 is the location of Ubuntu boot partition''

wget -c http://easylinux.info/uploads/ubuntu.xpm.gz
chmod 644 ubuntu.xpm.gz
sudo mkdir /boot/grub/images
sudo cp ubuntu.xpm.gz /boot/grub/images/
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

*Procure esta secÃ§Ã£o

# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
# grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
# grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
# and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.
...

*Add the following line below it

splashimage (hd0,1)/boot/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz

: ''NOTE: If you have seperate boot partition use this line: splashimage (hd0,1)/grub/images/ubuntu.xpm.gz''
*Grave o ficheiro editado

=== How to convert Wallpaper to Splash Image for GRUB menu ===

:''e.g. Assumed that wallpaper.png is the Wallpaper to be converted to Splash Image''
:'' splashimage.xpm.gz is the Splash Image for GRUB menu''
:'' ImageMagick is installed''

convert -resize 640x480 -colors 14 wallpaper.png splashimage.xpm && gzip splashimage.xpm

*Ler [[#How to display Splash Image for GRUB menu on boot-up]] (use splashimage.xpm.gz instead of ubuntu.xpm.gz)

=== How to display only one kernel on GRUB menu ===

sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst_backup-`date +%F`
gksudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst

* Procure a seguinte linha
...
# howmany=all
...

* Substitua pela linha seguinte

# howmany=1

Where 1 means to keep the last kernel, 2 to keep the last 2 kernels,
etc. Do not delete the # symbol. The menu will be updated once a new
kernel will be updated by the system, not before.

* Grave o ficheiro editado

=== How to force GDM to system beep when login screen ready ===

*This is useful on computers where headphones are usually plugged in, allowing them to utilize the speakers for this attention-getting task.

echo foo >> ~/foo.wav

*Sistema -> AdministraÃ§Ã£o -> Login Window -> Accessibility
Now make sure the "Login Screen Ready" check mark is checked. Click on the folder icon and navigate to your home folder and select "foo.wav".

rm foo.wav

The drop down menu should now say "(None)"

=== How to temporary skip boot-up services ===

Press 'Ctrl + C'

=== Clean up Ubuntu GNU/Linux System ===

*[http://www.ubuntugeek.com/cleaning-up-all-unnecessary-junk-files-in-ubuntu.html Clean up Ubuntu GNU/Linux System] - This is very Detailed step by step procedure how to Clean up Ubuntu GNU/Linux System with different tools.

=== How to permanently disable/enable boot-up services ===

*Ler [[#How to install Boot-Up Manager (BUM)]]

=== How to clean /tmp/ folder contents on shutdown ===

sudo cp /etc/init.d/sysklogd /etc/init.d/sysklogd_backup
gksudo gedit /etc/init.d/sysklogd

*Procure esta secÃ§Ã£o

...
stop)
log_begin_msg "Stopping system log daemon..."
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --exec $binpath --pidfile $pidfile
log_end_msg $?
...

*Add the following line below it

rm -fr /tmp/* /tmp/.??*

*Grave o ficheiro editado

=== How to scroll up and down to view previous outputs in Console mode ===

*To scroll up to view previously outputs

Press 'Shift + Page Up'

*To scroll down to view previously outputs

Press 'Shift + Page Down'

=== HComo saber a versÃ£o do Ubuntu que estÃ¡ a utilizar ===

cat /etc/issue

=== How to set up (automatic) background/wallpaper-changer application for GNOME ===

*To install the script into a different location than your home directory, replace "~" with your path
cd ~
wget http://members.chello.at/horst.jens/files/wallpaperchanger.py
chmod +x wallpaperchanger.py
~/wallpaperchanger.py
gedit ~/.wallpaperchanger/wallpaperchangerconfig.py

*Edit all the lines not beginning with an "#" according to your needs. Save the file and close gedit.

*To create an menu entry for wallpaperchanger:
Click the menuitems: Applications -> Accessoires -> Alacarte Menu Editor -> File -> New Entry:
Name: wallpaperchanger
command: ~/wallpaperchanger.py

*To change desktop background every time you reboot your computer:
Click the menuitems: Sistema -> Preferencias -> Session -> Startup Programs -> Add:
~/wallpaperchanger.py

=== How to set up automatic background change (KDE) ===

*Go to K-menu -> System Settings -> Desktop -> Background
*Choose Slide Show
*Press Setup...
*Press Add... to add pictures you wish to see as desktop background
*Set 'Change picture after' to desired picture rotation interval.
*Press 'OK'

=== How to add keyboard layouts for other languages ===

*Go to Sistema -> Preferencias -> Keyboard
*Choose Layouts
*Press Add... to add the secondary keyboard layout. It is simpler to have two layouts; the maximum is currently four for Xorg.
*Choose Layout Options
*Expand option Group Shift/Lock behaviour
*Choose the key combination that enables you to switch between keyboard layouts. The default is by pressing both Alt keys at the same time. A common alternative is to use Alt+Shift.
*Press Close.

See [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]] to add the Keyboard Indicator applet.

=== How to add keyboard layouts toggle for other languages (Xfce) ===
*use <tt>*.lst</tt> files on <tt>/etc/X11/xkb/rules</tt> to select ''2nd_laguage_code''

setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll us,''2nd_laguage_code''

*you can add it to a startup file, which will be set to be executed on startup, with the following lines (remember to 'chmod +x' the file):

#!/bin/tcsh
setxkbmap -option grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll us,il

=== How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet ===

*Ler [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]

*Right-click on empty space on the top panel so that you see the pop-up menu.
*Click Add to Panel...
*Choose Keyboard Indicator (it is under the Utilities section, at the end)

The Keyboard Indicator applet appears on the panel. The default language should be USA for U.S. English. You can either right-click on this applet for more options or see above on how to configure.

=== How to type extended characters ===

*Ler [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Ler [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]]

*Add the keyboard layout US English International (with dead keys)
*Make US English International (with dead keys) the default keyboard layout.

The key marked ['"] is now a dead key. When you press it, nothing happens. However if you press a consonant immediately afterwards, the consonant appears with an accent.
* ' + a = Ã¡
* ' + e = Ã©
* and so on for i-Ã, o-Ã³, y-Ã½, c-Ä, z-Åº, n-Å, l-Äº, u-Ãº, r-Å

* " + a = Ã¤
* " + e = Ã«
* and so on for y-Ã¿, u-Ã¼, i-Ã¯, o-Ã¶

Similarly, ` and a consonant generates Ã , Ã¨, Ã¹, Ã¬, Ã².
Similarly, ~ and a consonant generates Ã£, Å©, Ä©, Ãµ, Ã±.

To type ' and ", press RightAlt+' and RightAlt+" respectively.
To type ' and ", you may also press '+<space> and "+<space> respectively.

There are more characters available by keeping RightAlt pressed and typing a character. Therefore,
* RightAlt+q = Ã¤
* RightAlt+w = Ã¥
* RightAlt+e = Ã©
* RightAlt+r = Â®
* RightAlt+t = Ã¾
* RightAlt+y = Ã¼
* RightAlt+u = Ãº
* RightAlt+i = Ã
* RightAlt+o = Ã³
* RightAlt+p = Ã¶
* RightAlt+[ and ] for Â« and Â» respectively.
* RightAlt+a = Ã¡
* RightAlt+s = Ã
* RightAlt+d = Ã°
* RightAlt+l = Ã¸
* RightAlt+; = Â¶
* RightAlt+: = Â°
* RightAlt+z = Ã¦
* RightAlt+c = Â©
* RightAlt+n = Ã±
* RightAlt+m = Âµ
* RightAlt+, = Ã§
* RightAlt+/ = Â¿

* RightAlt+1 = Â¡
* RightAlt+2 = Â²
* RightAlt+3 = Â³
* RightAlt+4 = Â¤
* RightAlt+5 = â¬
* RightAlt+6 = Â¼
* RightAlt+7 = Â½
* RightAlt+8 = Â¾
* RightAlt+9 = â
* RightAlt+0 = â
* RightAlt+- = Â¥
* RightAlt+= = Ã

* RightAlt+! = Â¹
* RightAlt+@, then o = Å (and Å).
* RightAlt+#, then a = Ä (and Ä). Similarly for ÄÄ, Å«Åª, Ä«Äª, ÅÅ.
* RightAlt+$ = Â£
* RightAlt+% =
* RightAlt+^ =
* RightAlt+& =
* RightAlt+*, then a = Ä (and Ä). Similarly for ÄÄ, Ä¯Ä®.
* RightAlt+(, then a = Ä (and Ä)
* RightAlt+(, then g = Ä (and Ä)
* RightAlt+), then a = Ã¥ (and Ã)
* RightAlt+_ =
* RightAlt++ = Ã·

=== How to set the Compose key to type special characters ===

*Ler [[#How to add keyboard layouts for other languages]]
*Ler [[#How to add the Keyboard (Layout) Indicator applet]]

*Click '''System''', '''Preferences''', '''Keyboard'''.
*Under '''Layout Options''', expand on '''Compose key position'''.
*Choose '''Right-Win key is compose''', click Close.

Now you can type extended characters using the RightWin key (next to AltGr), according to [http://cvs.gnome.org/viewcvs/gtk%2B/gtk/gtkimcontextsimple.c?view=markup this keyboard settings file].
Specifically, the lines that start with ''GDK_Multi_key'' are those that we can use here. The '''Compose''' key is actually '''GDK_Multi_key'''.

Some examples,
*RightWin + C + = produces â¬
*RightWin + = + C produces â¬
*RightWin + C + O produces Â©
*RightWin + O + C produces Â©
*RightWin + a + ' produces Ã¡
*RightWin + a + " produces Ã¤
*RightWin + a + ` produces Ã
*RightWin + a + ~ produces Ã£
*RightWin + a + * produces Ã¥
*RightWin + a + ^ produces Ã¢
*RightWin + a + > produces Ã¢
*RightWin + a + , produces Ä
*RightWin + e + - produces Ä
*RightWin + S + 1 produces Â¹
*RightWin + S + 2 produces Â²
*RightWin + S + 3 produces Â³

=== How to install ubuntu-title font used in Ubuntu logo ===

sudo aptitude install ttf-ubuntu-title
Now you can use this font in your favorite applications

=== How to associate Adobe Reader with files in Nautilus ===

*Ler [[#How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
*Open Nautilus (Places -> Desktop)
*Browse to a .pdf file
*Right-click the .pdf file, select '''Properties''', go to the '''Open With''' tab, choose Adobe Reader.

Now when you double-click on a .pdf file, it will be opened with Adobe Reader.

=== How to print from Adobe Reader ===

*Ler [[#How to install PDF Reader (Adobe Reader) with Plug-in for Mozilla Firefox]]
*Ler [[#How to add a printer]]
*Applications -> Office -> Adobe Reader
*File -> Print
*In the '''Print Command''' box, append '''-d printername'''. For example, if your printer was named FS-1010, the Print Command would read:

/usr/bin/lp -d FS-1010

=== How to pull apart and combine pdf files ===

*Ler [[#Como adicionar repositÃ³rios extra]]
sudo aptitude install pdftk
cd
mkdir bin
cd bin
gedit pdftk_burst
* add the following text to pdftk_burst:
#!/bin/bash
cd ${1%/*}
/usr/bin/pdftk "$1" burst
rm doc_data.txt
* save and close pdftk_burst
gedit pdftk_cat
* add the following text to pdftk_cat:
#!/bin/bash
cd ${1%/*}
outfile="00out.pdf"
if [ -f $outfile ] ; then
rm -f $outfile
fi
/usr/bin/pdftk *.pdf cat output $outfile
* save and close pdftk_cat
chmod u+x pdftk_burst pdftk_cat
* open Nautilus (Places -> Desktop) and browse to a .pdf file
* right-click the .pdf file, select '''Properties''', go to the '''Open With''' tab, click '''Add''', click '''Use a Custom Command''', click '''Browse''', browse to '''pdftk_burst'''. Do the same with '''pdftk_cat'''.

Now, when you right-click on a .pdf file, you'll get two extra options:
* '''Open With -> pdftk_burst''' which will convert a 30 page pdf file to 30 x 1 page pdf files
* '''Open With -> pdftk_cat''' which will join together all the pdf files in the same directory, and create a file called '''00out.pdf'''

'''Note:''' this won't work with pdfs with any type of protection - read '''man pdftk''' for more command line options.

=== How to remove jedit when Synaptic package manager fails after install ===

*Ler [[#How to install jedit]]
sudo dpkg --remove --force-depends --force-remove-reinstreq jedit

Now, you can use your Synaptic package manager again.

=== How to compile a kernel the Ubuntu Way ===

http://www.howtoforge.com/kernel_compilation_ubuntu

=== System requests (What to do if your system is unresponsive) ===

You can "talk" to the kernel directly via system requests:
Press "ALT" + "sysreq-key" + "one of the keys" listed below (The sysreq-key is also known as the 'print screen' key):

(Taken from /usr/src/linux/Documentation/sysrq.txt)

*'r' - Turns off keyboard raw mode and sets it to XLATE.
*'k' - Secure Access Key (SAK) Kills all programs on the current virtual console.
*'b' - Will immediately reboot the system without syncing or unmounting your disks.
*'c' - Will perform a kexec reboot in order to take a crashdump.
*'o' - Will shut your system off (if configured and supported).
*'s' - Will attempt to sync all mounted filesystems.
*'u' - Will attempt to remount all mounted filesystems read-only.
*'p' - Will dump the current registers and flags to your console.
*'t' - Will dump a list of current tasks and their information to your console.
*'m' - Will dump current memory info to your console.
*'v' - Dumps Voyager SMP processor info to your console.
*'0'-'9' - Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages will be printed to your console. ('0', for example would make it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would make it to your console.)
*'f' - Will call oom_kill to kill a memory hog process
*'e' - Send a SIGTERM to all proces

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